Storage (Maintain in memory) Retrieval (Recover from memory) Encoding (Code and put into memory) Basic Memory Processes

TIP OF TONGUE EXPERIMENT Provide a word that satisfies each of the following definitions. A blood feud in which members of the family of a murdered person try to kill the murderer or members of his family. A protecting charm to ward off spirits. An old coin of Spain and South America. A dark, hard, glassy volcanic rock. A secretion from the sperm whale used in the manufacture of perfume. A building used for public worship by Moslems. An Egyption ornament in the shape of a beetle. The staff of Hermes, symbol of a physician or of the medical corps. A Russian sled drawn by three horses. A sword with a short curved blade, used by the Turks and Arabs. A navigational instrument used in measuring altitudes. A narrow strip of land by which two larger bodies of land are connected.

ANSWERS 1.A blood feud in which members of the family of a murdered person try to kill the murderer or members of his family. [vendetta] 2.A protecting charm to ward off spirits. [amulet] 3.An old coin of Spain and South America. [doubloon] 4.A dark, hard, glassy volcanic rock. [obsidian] 5.A secretion from the sperm whale used in the manufacture of perfume. [ambergris] 6.A building used for public worship by Moslems. [mosque] 7.An Egyptian ornament in the shape of a beetle. [scarab] 8.The staff of Hermes, symbol of a physician or of the medical corps. [caduceus] 9.A sword with a short curved blade, used by the Turks and Arabs. [scimitar] 10. A Russian sled drawn by three horses. [troika] 11. A navigational instrument used in measuring altitudes. [sextant] 12. A narrow strip of land by which two larger bodies of land are connected. [isthmus]

A SIMPLE EXPERIMENT ON MEMORY INSTRUCTIONS: Read each of the words below at a slow and steady rate, say, one word/sec.

DISTINGUISHED

FENCE

FRAGRANCE

FANTASY

TOWN

ROBIN

EVENING

ARMCHAIR

WOOL

ELEGANT

FABRIC

CRIMINAL

BEVERAGE

EXPENSIVE

BARRICADE

WHEEL

SUMMER

ALLIGATOR

MILKSHAKE

CINEMA

WEALTH

DRINK

Some of those words listed below are the same as those shown on the previous list. Can you recognize any? Write down which words you recognize. SPRINGFINCH ODOR COTTONPOST BEVERAGE HAMBURGERTIRE FAMOUS ALLIGATORIMPORTANTSPARROW ROCKING CHAIRMAPVILLAGE RICHCRIMINALSUMMER GLOVESSODASCARF FILMMOVIEAROMA ELEGANTPERFUMEFENCE DREAM

SPRING [SUMMER] FINCH [ROBIN] ODOR [FRAGRANCE] COTTON [WOOL]POST [FENCE]BEVERAGE HAMBURGER HAMBURGERTIRE [WHEEL] FAMOUS [DISTINGUISHED] ALLIGATORIMPORTANT[DISTINGUISHED] SPARROW [ROBIN] MAPVILLAGE ROCKING CHAIR [ARMCHAIR] MAPVILLAGE RICH RICH CRIMINALSUMMER GLOVESSCARF GLOVESSODA [BEVERAGE] SCARF FILM [CINEMA]MOVIE [CINEMA]AROMA [FRAGRANCE] ELEGANTPERFUME [FRAGRANCE] FENCEDREAM Some of those words listed below are the same as those shown on the previous list. Can you recognize any? Write down which words you recognize.

MEMORY SPAN 9 2 5G M N S L R R V O E P G X W D X Q O E P H H J A E Z D O F W D S V D T Y N R H E H Q K H W D A G R O F Z U D F F W H D Q D G E Q M R H X Z D R P P E H

S L R R

K H W D A G R O F Z

Q M R H X Z D R P P E H

CAT BOAT RUG

CLOTHES CHOOSE GIFT DRIVE BOOK TREE HAIR THIS

LOG DAY TIME CHESS LAKE CUT BIRD SHEET YOUR SEE STREET WHEEL

Storage (Maintain in memory) Retrieval (Recover from memory) Encoding (Code and put into memory) Basic Memory Processes

COMPUTER VS. HUMAN MEMORY COMPUTER HUMAN PERMANENT X PERFECT X PARTIALX VARIES WITH TIMEX LOCALIZED X UNLIMITED CAPACITYX INFLUENCED BY MEANINGX

Chinese Room Problem Chinese text Man in room is a fluent Chinese-English interpreter English text Chinese text Man in room full of Chinese-English translation books. Man knows no Chinese. English text Do both men know Chinese?

Three Types of Memory Iconic (Sensory) Memory: msec. Short Term (Working) Memory: 1-30 sec. Long Term Memory: > 2 min.

INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL OF MEMORY

A4QIB96Z4N7LA4QIB96Z4N7L

TEST FOR ICONIC MEMORY

Examples of Chunking SOHCATOA ROYGBIV HNEWTXFDVKPLPRQJBDRG FBICIADVDNHLUSAKFCNBC

Remember This Position

Serial Position Curve

Contribution of Rehearsal to Serial Position Effect

Effect of Rate Presentation on Serial Position Effect

Manipulating the Recency Effect

“Maintenance” Rehearsal does not lead to better recall

“Shallow”Are these words in the same typeface? “HOUSE-trick” “Medium”Do these words rhyme? “BALL-TALL” “Deep”Are these words synonyms? “CAR-AUTOMOBILE” Different Levels of Processing in Working Memory

Which is the Real Penny?

Maintenance Rehearsal –sheer repetition –mechanical –no attention to meaning –little effort Elaborative rehearsal –focus on meaning –relations between items –organization

Long Term Forgetting

Massed vs. Distributed Practice

Retroactive Interference Experimental Group: Original Interpolated Test: learning:learning: Task ATask BTask A Control Group: Task ARestTask A

Proactive Interference Experimental Group: Prior learning:Learning: Test: Task BTask ATask A Control Group: NoneTask ATask A

Effect of Learning Prior Lists on Learning a New List (Proactive Interference)

APPROXIMATIONS TO ENGLISH (MILLER & SELFRIDGE) Zero order (random selection from dictionary): Betwixt trumpeter pebbly complication tipple careen obscure attractive consequence expedition gene unpublished prominence chest sweetly basin photographer ungrateful First order (dictionary selection weighted by relative frequencies of words): Tea realizing most so the together home and for were wanted to concert I posted he her it the walked Second order (Successive people given one word): Sun was nice dormitory is I like chocolate cake but I think that book is he wants to school there

Third order (Successive people given two words): Family was large dark animal came roaring down the middle of my friends love books passionately vary kiss is fine Fourth order (Successive people given three words): Went to the movies with a man I used to go toward Harvard Square in Cambridge is mad fun for Fifth order (Successive people given four words): Road in the country was insane especially in dreary rooms where they have some books to buy for studying Greek Seventh order (Successive people given six words): Easy if you know you to crochet you can make a simple scarf if they knew the color that it Prose text: More attention has been paid to diet but mostly in relation to disease and to the growth of young children APPROXIMATIONS TO ENGLISH -2 (MILLER & SELFRIDGE)

COLEMAN EXPERIMENT First subject (original passage): “about war good-looking way and treating made of that a him the quiet youngster nice he manners a them girls wild go with” 16th subject: “he was a youngster nice quiet with manners good-looking and a way of treating them that made the girls go wild about him”

TYPES OF MEMORY Sensory Memory Short-term (Secondary, Working) Long-term (Primary) Declarative (knowing what) Procedural (knowing how) Episodic Generic Semantic Generic non-verbal

Temporal Cortex

Two Types of Amnesia

Split Brain

Effect of Activity on Memory

William James on Primary Memory (STM) it was never lost; its date was never cut off in consciousness from that of the immediately present moment. In fact, it comes to us as belonging to the rearward portion of the present space of time, and not to the genuine past (p. 646). James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt.

William James on Secondary Memory (LTM) …the knowledge of a former state of mind after it has already once dropped from consciousness; or rather it is the knowledge of an event, or fact, of which we have not been thinking, with the additional consciousness that we have thought or experienced it before (p. 648). James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt.

Three Types of Memory Iconic (Sensory) Memory: msec. Short Term (Working) Memory: 1-30 sec. Long Term Memory: > 2 min.

Proactive Interference from Previously Learned Lists