The Age of Imperialism and Nationalism 1850-1914 Imperialism: The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the economic, political and social life of the people of that nation

Forms of Imperialism FORMS OF IMPERIALISM CHARACTERISTICS Colony A country or region governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate A country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading privileges Economic Imperialism Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government

The Rise of Nationalism A. Nationalism 1. A feeling of strong loyalty and devotion to one's country and culture. a. These bonds tie people together. B. Extreme Nationalism Belief that one's culture or country is better than another. II. Effects of Nationalism A. Nation-States struggle for unification and independence. 1. Each nation-state had its own government and was loosely connected to other nation-states of similar culture. Examples: Germany and Italy during 19th century. III. Ethnic groups 1. Ethnic groups banded together and became more nationalistic, each demanding its own independent nation. 2. They wanted freedom and the right to set up their own freely elected government.

Italian Unification (1858-1870) I. Unification of Italy A. Congress of Vienna had broken Italy into many small kingdoms after Napoleon (French Emperor) was defeated. 1. Papal States a. Some kingdoms in Italy were ruled by the Catholic Church. 2. Austrian domination a. Most kingdoms in Italy were controlled by Austria. 1a. These kingdoms often had conflicting interests and fought each other. B. Italians united to fight the foreign domination of their country. 1. Secret patriotic and nationalistic societies spread throughout Italy. 2. Austria and France often sent troops to crush rebellions.

I. Unification of Germany A. Prior to unification, Germany was a loose confederation of states controlled by Austria. B. German states entered into a union with Prussia in 1844 1. Ruled by the Zollverein. 1a. This upset Austria. 2a. Promoted free trade with Prussia and other German states without paying heavy tariffs (taxes on imported goods) to Austria.

Unification of Germany: Prussia II. Prussia A. Powerful independent country in northern Europe ruled by King William I. B. Otto Von Bismarck, Prime Minister or Chancellor of Prussia 1. Very powerful person, "The Iron Chancellor" 2. United the German states against Austrian rule. C. Events leading to the Unification of Germany: 1. In 1866, Prussia and Austria fought a war for control of northern Germany. a. 1867, Prussia won and formed the North German Confederation. 1a. Austria still controlled southern Germany. 2. Otto Von Bismarck desired to unite all of Germany. a. Problems? 1a. Northern Germany was mostly Lutherans. (Protestants) 2a. Southern Germany was mostly Catholics. b. Solution? 1a. War with France. 1aa. Both Germanys held strong nationalistic pride

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) I. Franco-Prussian War of 1870. A. Prussia defeated France in six months. 1. KingWilliam I, named emperor of Germany. a. Germany acquired the Rhineland (Alsace-Lorraine) from France. B. Germany became one of the world's strongest countries. 2. Well-disciplined army and healthy economy. The Rhineland (Alsace-Lorraine) acquired by Germany as a result of the Franco-Prussian War 1870 will be a disputed topic for both World War I & World War II.

Imperialism or Nationalism? In pairs, decide whether the picture depicts imperialism or nationalism and tell why you chose as you did.

Which country is the best in the world? Why do you think this? Could another be better? What does this country have that others don’t that make it so great? Should we help other countries have what we have? Is it our place to get involved in another country to help if we can?

Causes of Imperialism The Industrial Revolution caused a need for resources to fuel industrial production in Europe and the United States Where would these resources come from? Africa Asia Latin America

Causes of Imperialism Economic competition between European nations; new markets to sell their goods The need of European nations to add colonies to their empires as a measure of national greatness Growing racism, or the belief that one race was superior to another Because they were more technologically advanced, many Europeans and Americans felt they had the right to dominate the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America

Causes of Imperialism Social Darwinism: the idea that those who were fittest for survival and success were superior to others Because of Social Darwinism, Europeans felt they had the right and duty to bring progress to other nations Need to Christianize the people of Asia and Africa Need to civilize and “westernize” others

Why Imperialism? Empire Building Economics Political and Military Interests Power and Authority Nineteenth Century – 1800s British Dominance - called the Victorian Era after Queen Victoria who ruled for 64 years

The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire Examine the map below and then decide what the title means.

Imperialism in China

China Resists Foreign Influence Qing (Manchu) Dynasty Chinese had little interest in trading with western nations Europeans wanted silk, porcelain, tea, spices Chinese did not need to trade (culturally they wanted to stay isolated)

British trade with China centered around opium. The British imported opium from India to China in exchange for silk. Chinese silver was used to buy opium, and the Chinese government was fearful of a trade imbalance. China demanded that opium sales stop, but the British did not comply. This led to the Opium Wars. Opium dens, 1850 Chinese receiving opium from Patna, British India Multimedia Learning, LLC COPYRIGHT 2006 WRITTEN BY HERSCHEL SARNOFF & DANA BAGDASARIAN

Empress Dowager Ci Xi 1839-1842 The first opium war is fought between Britain and China. Empress CiXi (pictured above) lived through the Opium Wars, the Taiping Rebellion and the Boxer Uprising. Empress Dowager Ci Xi worked with her government officials to fight against the British in the First Opium War, from 1839-1842. Multimedia Learning, LLC COPYRIGHT 2006 WRITTEN BY HERSCHEL SARNOFF & DANA BAGDASARIAN

Opium War Chinese emperor asks Queen Victoria to stop the opium trade… it goes unanswered China destroys millions of dollars of opium China no match for modern weaponry and equipment. 1842 Sign the Treaty of Nanjing

Treaty of Nanjing China paid Britain’s war costs Opened 5 ports to trade Extraterritoriality Britain received the island of Hong Kong Sometimes called the 1st of the Unequal treaties Western powers carved out spheres of influence (exclusive trading privileges)

Asia was carved up after the Opium Wars England annexed Hong Kong and Kowloon France took over Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) Russia moved into Chinese Turkistan and Manchuria Japan grabbed Taiwan and won dominance over Korea This cartoon depicts England, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan at the table, ready to cut up China after the Opium Wars.

The Opium Wars brought an end to the isolation of the ancient Chinese civilization and introduced far-reaching social, economic and cultural ideas to the Chinese. Multimedia Learning, LLC COPYRIGHT 2006 WRITTEN BY HERSCHEL SARNOFF & DANA BAGDASARIAN

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What Enabled Imperialism? Europeans’ technological superiority (including the machine gun) Improvements in transportation to and within Asian and African colonies Medical advances, such as Quinine, which protected Europeans from foreign diseases (malaria) Disunity among ethnic groups in Africa

No African leaders attended this meeting… Why might that be unfair?? Imperialism in Africa Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 European nations met to lay down rules for the division of Africa Any European nation could claim land in Africa by telling the others and showing they could control the area Europeans paid no attention to the ethnic and linguistic divisions in Africa when dividing it amongst themselves No African leaders attended this meeting… Why might that be unfair??

Impact of Imperialism in Africa POSITIVE Local warfare reduced Improved sanitation Hospitals led to increased lifespan Schools led to increased literacy Economic growth NEGATIVE Loss of land and independence Men forced to work in European owned mines and on European owned farms Contempt for traditional culture and admiration of European culture = identity problems Dividing up of Africa = artificial boundaries divided kinship groups and united rivals

Imperialism in 1914

Imperialism and Empire – British in India The Sepoy Rebellion allowed British soldiers to invade and control all of India The British established control of India and its neighbors by 1914. The British controlled Australia, New Zealand and much of the far east. The worlds’ biggest empire!

Forms of Imperialism Types of Management INDIRECT CONTROL DIRECT CONTROL Local government officials were used Limited self-rule GOAL: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule GOAL: assimilation (the process in which a minority group adopts the customs of the prevailing culture) Government institutions based only on European styles Paternalism: people governed in a fatherly way where their needs are provided for but they’re not given rights

The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914 Causes Nationalism To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade. Imperialism Economic Competition Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized. Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies. Missionary Spirit Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world.

The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914 Effects Colonization Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Imperialism Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized. Colonial Economics Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies. Christianization Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia.