Opportunities for Exotic Particle Searches in Huan Zhong Huang 黄焕中 Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California Los Angeles,

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Presentation transcript:

Opportunities for Exotic Particle Searches in Huan Zhong Huang 黄焕中 Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California Los Angeles, CA May Kyoto Thanks to Hank Crawford, Jinhui Chen, Gang Wang and Wenqin Xu

22 Quark-Hadron Phase Transition

33 Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions and Volcanic Eruption Volcanic high p T -- Strombolian eruption Volcanic mediate p T – Spatter (clumps) Volcanic low p T – Bulk matter flows

Outline 1) Hadronization of Bulk Partonic Matter 2) Rare Particle Searches – Hyper-nuclei 3) Exotic Particle Searches 4) Summary and Outlook 4

55 Elliptic Flow Parameter v 2 y x pypy pxpx coordinate-space-anisotropy  momentum-space-anisotropy Initial/final conditions, dof, EOS

66 Naïve Expectation for Au+Au Use number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions to gauge the colliding parton flux: N-binary Scaling  R AA or R CP = 1 simple superposition of independent nucleon-nucleon collisions ! High p T particles are from hard scattering of partons --

77 Constituent Quark Scaling STAR PHENIX Baryon Meson Constituent (n) Quark Scaling -- Meson n=2 and Baryon n=3 grouping Saturation of v 2 at Intermediate p T baryons mesons

8 Quark Coalescence – (ALCOR-J.Zimanyi et al, AMPT-Lin et al, Rafelski+Danos, Molnar+Voloshin …..) Quark Recombination – (R.J. Fries et al, R. Hwa et al) Hadronization of Bulk Partonic Matter  Coalescence Partons at hadronization have a v 2  Collectivity Deconfinement !

99 Multi-Parton Dynamics for Bulk Matter Hadronization Essential Features: Traditional fragmentation  particle properties mostly determined by the leading quark ! Emerging picture from RHIC data (R AA /R CP and v 2 )  all constituent quarks are almost equally important in determining particle properties ! v 2 of hadron comes from v 2 of all constituent quarks ! The fact that in order to explain the v 2 of hadrons individual constituent quarks (n=2-meson,3-baryon) must have a collective elliptic flow v 2 and the hadron v 2 is the sum of quark v 2  Strong Evidence for Deconfiement !

10   Strangeness from Bulk Partonic Matter R CP  ss  Constituent Quark Number Scaling -- Hadronization through quark clustering -- Effective DOF – constituent quarks quasi-hadrons at T c ? Lattice QCD picture? 

 and  are special 11  – (sss) state; m = MeV  -- (ss) state; m = MeV Strange quark constituents produced in collisions No decay feeddown contributions Small hadronic re-scattering cross sections Messengers from quark-hadron phase boundary !

12 Parton P T Distributions at Hadronization If baryons of p T are mostly formed from coalescence of partons at p T /3 and mesons of p T are mostly formed from coalescence of partons at p T /2  and  particles have no decay feeddown contribution !  decay contribution is small These particles have small hadronic rescattering cross sections

13 Strange and down quark distributions s distribution harder than d distribution perhaps related to different s and d quarks in partonic evolution Independent Test –  /s should be consistent with s quark distribution Yes !

14 Effective Parton Distribution in the QM Drop at Hadronization Use particle emission to measure parton pT distribution and angular anisotropy (v 2 ) in the dense parton drop !!     Parton Spectroscopy

15 Discoveries from Unexpected Areas?! RHIC -- Frontier for bulk partonic matter formation (quark clustering and rapid hadronization) -- Factory for exotic particles/phenomena Rare Particle Production at RHIC – hyper-nuclei and anti-matter ( 4 He) Exotic particles/phenomena Searches: tetra- penta-quark states (strange or charmed) di-baryons H – ( , uuddss) [  ] (ssssss) strange quark matter meta-stable Parity/CP odd vacuum bubbles disoriented chiral condensate ……

16 Signal observed from the data (bin-by-bin counting): 70±17; Mass: 2.991±0.001±0.002 GeV; Width (fixed): GeV. Au+Au: 89M MB events and 22M central collision events. signal from the data Science 328 (2010) 58

17 Combine particle and anti-particle Combined hyperT and anti-hyperT signal : 225±35; It provides a >6  significance for observation.

18 Measure the lifetime ps We measure   = 267±5 ps PDG value is   = 263±2 ps PDG: Phys. Lett. B 667 (2008) 1

19 Candidates other than hyper-triton (pn  ) STAR detector system is ideally suited for strange particle weak decays ! -- large acceptance TPC -- secondary vertex resolution -- combinatorial background

20 Searches for Exotics Beyond 2q and 3q Structure Resonance Particles are difficult in -- huge combinatorial background ! Pentaquark candidates to search for -- pK S -- pK + --  -  - --  or  K Di-baryons  correlation and/or H particle [  0 -p]   p [  -  ]

21 dAu results (year 2003) The invariant mass distribution is fitted to a Gaussian plus a linear function. A sigma signal is seen. Measured mass is about 1.53 GeV/c 2. Full width is about 15 MeV. 18 M d+Au events

22  ++   +p and using  as K       K

23 d+Au 2008 Data Data sample ~ 2X run 2003 still finalizing the TPC calibration -- space charge distortion Preliminary analysis showed no pK + signal Tracking quality is a sensitive issue and we have to re-visit run 2003 data also !

24 S.J. Brodsky and R.F. Lebed, PRL 102, (2009) for e+e- collisions ! Search for True Muonium State (     ) in HIC 1)Access thermal muons 2)Need to estimate the production rate in HIC 3)Experimentally feasible through decay e+e-

25 Charmed Exotic Particle Searches If it is weak decay, may have some sensitivity when STAR HFT is done If the branching ratio is small, very difficult -- need to evaluate the background and production rate at RHIC T CC difficult  branching ratio to k  D?

26 D0 Reconstruction Efficiency in STAR with HFT The production yield is mostly below pT 3 GeV/c The overall reconstruction efficiency a few percent ---- not favorable for charmed exotics ! Kinematic cuts to reduce background causes the main loss of efficiency.

27 Exotic Particles with Strangeness Hyperon Reconstruction in STAR will be enhanced with the full TOF detector upgrade! -- factor of 5-8 improvement for  STAR TOF upgrade completed in Sept 2009 ! We are ready for searches of strange exotic particles from run 2010 from Au+Au collisions !

28 TOF Performance in Run9 at 200 GeV p+p Collisions Timing resolution: Start Time ~90 ps; Overall ~117 ps Stop Time ~74 ps, and it will be improved after final calibration of TPC

Summary and Outlook 29    Central Au+Au Collisions at RHIC Bulk Partonic Matter -- 1) strangeness equilibrated 2) parton collectivity v 2 and hydro expansion 3) multi-parton dynamics coalescence/ recombination 4) Opportunities for exotic particle searches !

Future Data Volume from STAR 30 STAR Run GeV data set ~ 350 Million Minimum Bias Events ~ 250 Million Central Collision Events in 10 weeks of physics running 62 GeV data set ~ 140 Million MB ~ 30 Million Central Events in 2 weeks running Need strong motivation to go through the whole data set ! Question: Exotic production mechanism – advantages for d+Au vs. Au+Au collisions ? 200 vs. 62 GeV ?

31 Exotic Particles Hadrons with internal structure beyond existing QCD qqq and q-qbar framework !! pp pA AA pp pA AA Exotic A New Dimension to RHIC Physics – Dedicated QCD Machine&Beyond (spin) (CGC,EMC) (Deconfinement Phase Transition)

32 End