Chapter 2: The Cell in Action Sections 1-3 Pages 32-49

Diffusion The movement from areas of ____ concentration (crowded) to ______ concentration (not crowded) Diffusion happens ______ and ______ living cells, requires ____ energy

Diffusion Animation hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.htm l hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.htm l

Osmosis The diffusion of ______ ________ through cell membranes Semi permeable- only some substances can pass through

Osmosis and the Animal Cell

Osmosis and the Plant Cell

Osmosis Animation hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html

Moving Small Particles Passive Transport The.. _________and _______ are examples

Moving Small Particles Active Transport ______ to _____ concentration, requires _______ because it works against the flow of particles (example-gravity, going up hill) hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapt er2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapt er2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html

Moving Large Particles The active-transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle, such as a large protein, and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell is called _________. Vesicles are sacs formed from pieces of cell membrane.

Moving Large Particles When large particles, such as wastes, leave the cell, the cell uses an active-transport process called __________. During _________, a vesicle forms around a large particle within the cell. The vesicle carries the particle to the ____ ________. The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the particle to the outside of the cell.

Endo and Exocytosis - hill.com/olcweb/cgi/plu ginpop.cgi?it=swf::535:: 535::/sites/dl/free/ /120068/bio02.s wf::Endocytosis%20and %20Exocytosis - hill.com/olcweb/cgi/plu ginpop.cgi?it=swf::535:: 535::/sites/dl/free/ /120068/bio02.s wf::Endocytosis%20and %20Exocytosis

Cell Energy _____________ An organism that makes its food through the process of photosynthesis. Also known as “_________” ____________ An organism that can not make its own food, so it eats other organisms or plants. Also known as “________”

Energy Roles Each organism in an ecosystem fills the energy role of either __________, __________ or ___________.

Energy Roles __________ An organism that can make its own food. Producers are the source of all food in an ecosystem. Plants, algae and some bacteria. __________ An organism that feeds on other organisms. Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore- human Scavenger __________ An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms. Nature’s recyclers Mushrooms and bacteria

Photosynthesis During photosynthesis, plants and some organisms use energy from the ____ to convert ______ ______ and _____ into _______ and _________. Plants use the pigments called __________ (which makes plants green) located in the _________ to change the carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to oxygen and sugar

Photosynthesis Stage 1: Capturing the sun’s energy, Chloroplasts in plant cells capture energy from the sunlight Stage 2: The captured light energy is used to produce sugars and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration, cells break down simple _____ ________ such as ______ and release the ______ they contain Many cells use _______ to break down these food molecules Most of the energy released maintains _____ _______, some is used to form ______.

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: In the _________, molecules of glucose are broken down into smaller molecules. _______ isn't involved and only a small amount of ______ is released. Stage 2: Takes place in the _________, the small molecules are broken down even smaller. These _______ _________require _______ and release a lot of _______. This is why the mitochondria are called the “__________” of the cell.

Cellular Respiration What is the difference between cellular respiration and respiration (breathing)? Cellular respiration is a.. Respiration or breathing..

Cellular Respiration

Does this look like the Carbon Cycle?

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Fermentation Provides energy for cells without using ________. ________ fermentation: when yeast and some other single celled organisms break down sugar _______ _____ fermentation: takes place in our bodies when you exercise and feel that painful sensation in your muscles because you were using up oxygen faster than it can be replaced

Life of a Cell- the Cell Cycle The cell cycle begins when the cell is ______ and ends when the cell ______ and forms ____ cells. Before it can divide, it must make a copy of its _____. DNA is organized into __________. This ensures that each new cell made will be an exact copy of its _______ cell.

Making more Prokaryotic Cells Less complicated than Eukaryotic cells. These Prokaryotic cells (like _______) go through ______ ______. Binary fission is when the cell splits into two, resulting in two cells.

Eukaryotic cells and their DNA More complex Contain more DNA Humans have 46 or ____ pairs of chromosomes, homologous chromosomes The number of chromosomes is ____ _____ related to the _________ of organisms.

Making more Eukaryotic Cells- 3 stages Stage 1: Interphase- The cell _____ and _____ its organelles. After each chromosome is duplicated, the copies are called _________. Chromatids are held together at the _________. The chromatids join and twist, condensing into a ___ shape.

Cell Cycle hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter2/animation__control_of_the_cell_cycle. html hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter2/animation__control_of_the_cell_cycle. html

Making more Eukaryotic Cells Stage 2: Mitosis- Chromatids ________. This ensures that each new cell receives a copy of each __________. During mitosis, one copy of the ____ is distributed into each of the two _______ cells. There are four phases of mitosis- ________, __________, _________, _____________.

Phases of Mitosis Phase 1. Prophase: Nuclear membrane ______. Chromosomes condense into ____ like structures.

Phases of Mitosis Phase 2. Metaphase: The chromosomes line up along the _______ of the cell. ___________ chromosomes pair up.

Phases of Mitosis Phase 3. Anaphase: The chromatids _______ and move to ________ sides of the cell.

Phases of Mitosis Phase 4. Telophase: A _______ membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes _______. Mitosis is complete.

Making more Eukaryotic Cells Stage 3: Cytokinesis During this stage the ________ divides. The organelles are distributed into each of the two new cells. Cytokinesis is different in animal cells than plant cells because plant cells have _____ ______. Plant cells form a ____ _____ during cytokinesis.

Mitosis and Cytokinesis hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.h tml hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.h tml

Time a Cell Spends in Phases of Mitosis

Cell Cycle Time Chart

Interphase and Mitosis Interphase in the cell cycle is like ________ and ________ in the human cycle, because this is the time of growth and maturity. During interphase, a cell grows to its full size. ____ cell division occurs. Mitosis is like ________ because humans reproduce in this stage. During mitosis, the nucleus divides to form new cells.