Damage to Temporal Lobes can lead to… disturbance of language comprehension altered sexual behavior (increase or decrease sex drive) Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia video clip)Prosopagnosia video clip (Clip 2)Clip 2) Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia clip)Wernicke's Aphasia Short-term memory loss Interference with long-term memory Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking Increased aggressive behavior

Corpus callosum Video snippet severed corpus callosum (5 min) axonal fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres to allow neurons to share information

The Limbic System : AHH!! (AKA “inner brain”) LOCATION: Deep within brain, next to thalamus, at top of brain stem FUNCTION? – The 4 F’s : fight, flight, food, fornication! – & memory!! MNEMONIC: AHH!! I scream AHH because my limbic system is active when I am excited, happy, in pain, emotional, surprised, or remember something…

Hypothalamus: “body’s regulator” 1.In charge of endocrine system 2.Regulates – hunger & thirst if ventromedial hypothalamus is stimulated, rats STOP eating if lateral hypothalamus is stimulated, rats eat if lateral hypothalamus is lesioned, rats will not eat – response to pain – levels of pleasure (reward centers) – rats self-pleasure ‘til point of exhaustion – reward deficiency syndrome liked with addiction – sexual satisfaction – anger and aggressive behavior 3.Regulates the autonomic nervous system pulse, blood pressure, breathing, and arousal in response to emotional circumstances.

Pituitary Gland --master gland of endocrine system 1.Regulates body temperature 2.Creates and releases: – Growth hormone – prolactin (tells woman’s breasts to produce milk after giving birth) – hormone to signal sperm production and releases of eggs 3.Creates hormones messages and directs body’s other glands to produce hormones for: – stress cortisol released by adrenal glands

Amygdala: Emotions, stress, fear, memories Location: Within temporal lobe Function: 1.Directs aggressive and fearful responses – Lesion=less aggression, more mild, meek demeanor – stimulation=extreme aggression! 2.Plays role in formation of emotionally charged memories Interesting facts: 1.Size positively correlates with levels of aggression 2.Shrinks by 30% in castrated males!! video on flight or fight response Mnemonic: my gd!! (OMG) I’ve been frightened, surprised, angered!! my gd!! I’m an emotional firepot!!

Hippocampus Converts short- term explicit memories to long- term Video clipVideo clip: John Forbes story 9:55 go to end of part 2)part 2 Mnemonic: the hippo goes to college campus to learn facts and party and he remembers the facts and parties!

How do we know what we know about the brain? Technology that allows us to see brain at work – EEG –charts brain’s electrical brain waves E for electricity! Output is a graph of lines registering different brain wave patterns – PET—shows where brain activity is occurring by showing where glucose is being consumed after person given radioactive glucose Mnemonic: Give your “pet” some “sugar” and watch how it responds! – MRI—shows soft tissue areas of brain using magnetic pulses (good for finding tumors or enlarged/smaller than usual areas) m for magnetic – fMRI—measures second-by-second images of blood flow to show which part of brain is active during certain mental functions f for function – CAT (CT) --x-ray of brain, similar to MRI think of your cat having x-ray vision Research, clinical observation, and case studies (HM anterograde amnesia) Split-brain patients (Sperry, Gazzaniga) Lesions and stimulation experiments (rats, cats) start at 5 min. video clip brain surgery

A look at scans and how they are done PET scan 2.CAT scan 3.MRI 4.MRI or PET machine 5.fMRI 6.EEG 7.EEG output video clip MEGvideo clip MEG start at 4 min

Recovering from brain or spinal injury 1.neural prostheticsneural prosthetics 2.neurogenesis: regrowth of brain cells 3.brain plasticity: rewiring of neural networks to compensate for lost networks/functions (note: sometimes this rewiring messes up and you end up with phantom limb sensations! e.g. when arm amputee’s face is stroked, her unused sensory cortex that used to respond to hand being touched responds!) 4.constraint induced therapyconstraint induced therapy 5.phantom limb treatmentphantom limb treatment

Quick quiz Label your brain in the lecture packet

Answer Key: How’d you do at labeling your brain?

Fill in the boxes with the terms: autonomic, CNS, parasympathetic, PNS, somatic, sympathetic

II. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) What is the PNS? The nerves that run throughout your body connecting your sensory organs (skin, eyes, ears, tongue, nose) & internal organs to your brain and spine (CNS) 1.Sensory/afferent nerves: The body’s organs use these to send sensations to the brain e.g. afferent nerves on tongue (taste buds) sense flavor, afferent nerves on skin senses touch, afferent nerves on in ears sense sound waves, etc. 2. Receptors: the part of the sensory organ that receives information (sound, light, heat, pressure, flavor, smell) from environment (auditory receptors, olfactory, visual, kinesthetic, taste buds) 3. Motor/efferent nerves: carry outgoing signals from the CNS to the muscles, skin, and glands of body triggering movement 4. Interneurons: CNS neurons in spine and brain that receive incoming from sensory receptors so brain can process/perceive and so brain can send outgoing information to motor neurons 1.Sensory/afferent nerves: The body’s organs use these to send sensations to the brain e.g. afferent nerves on tongue (taste buds) sense flavor, afferent nerves on skin senses touch, afferent nerves on in ears sense sound waves, etc. 2. Receptors: the part of the sensory organ that receives information (sound, light, heat, pressure, flavor, smell) from environment (auditory receptors, olfactory, visual, kinesthetic, taste buds) 3. Motor/efferent nerves: carry outgoing signals from the CNS to the muscles, skin, and glands of body triggering movement 4. Interneurons: CNS neurons in spine and brain that receive incoming from sensory receptors so brain can process/perceive and so brain can send outgoing information to motor neurons

2 parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic – Sympathetic: Drives flight or fight response during stressful/strenuous events Speeds up heart directs blood flow to muscles that need most oxygen suspends digestion adrenal glands release epinephrine (AKA adrenalin) – Parasympathetic: relaxation, returns systems to normal speed (homeostasis) after shock, stress Autonomic system mnemonic: para means to stop in Spanish! parachute slows your fall

III. Endocrine System What? Network of glands located in brain and body Function? Sends hormone chemical messages through blood stream to body’s organs to control: – metabolism – growth – sexual development – flight or fight response In females: ovulation, menstruation, and lactation In males: sperm production, deepening of voice, growth of sex organs What? Network of glands located in brain and body Function? Sends hormone chemical messages through blood stream to body’s organs to control: – metabolism – growth – sexual development – flight or fight response In females: ovulation, menstruation, and lactation In males: sperm production, deepening of voice, growth of sex organs

III. Endocrine System (cont) Thyroid gland produces hormone that regulates metabolism (how quickly/slowly one digests food) – Not enough hormone (hypothyroidism)= sluggish, no appetite – Too much hormone (hyperthyroidism)=eat a lot, hyperactive Adrenal glands release cortisol & epinephrine (adrenalin) when person frightened or angry Hypothalamus (part of limbic system) coordinates communication between endocrine and nervous systems Pineal gland “3 rd eye” releases melatonin which regulates sleep cycle (circadian rhythms) Pituitary gland—”master gland” Maker of growth hormone, second in command to hypothalamus directs other glands to produce/release hormones Parathryroid—produce calcium for bone growth Thyroid gland produces hormone that regulates metabolism (how quickly/slowly one digests food) – Not enough hormone (hypothyroidism)= sluggish, no appetite – Too much hormone (hyperthyroidism)=eat a lot, hyperactive Adrenal glands release cortisol & epinephrine (adrenalin) when person frightened or angry Hypothalamus (part of limbic system) coordinates communication between endocrine and nervous systems Pineal gland “3 rd eye” releases melatonin which regulates sleep cycle (circadian rhythms) Pituitary gland—”master gland” Maker of growth hormone, second in command to hypothalamus directs other glands to produce/release hormones Parathryroid—produce calcium for bone growth

If time... 6 min video snip: Review the brain’s regions 1 more mnemonic: Myelin sheath : without it I will get MS (multiple sclerosis) with symptoms of loss of motor control