 US possessed same resources as GB  Fast-flowing rivers  Coal and iron deposits  Supply of laborers  War of 1812 forced US to become self-sufficient

 Industrialization begins with textiles  1789 – Samuel Slater emigrates to US from GB Built British spinning machine from memory  1790 – Moses Brown opens first factory in US Pawtucket, RI Houses Slater’s machines - Produced only thread

 1813 – Francis Cabot Lowell mechanized entire cloth process  Late 1820s – Lowell, Mass. Became important textile town  Left farms and rural homes  More $  More independence  Watched closely by employers

 Technological boom of late 1800s  Many causes Natural resources – oil, coal, iron Burst of inventions – electricity, light bulb, telephone Increased urban population

 Cities along rail lines grow by selling goods  Chicago Huge stockyards for cattle  Minneapolis Grain industry  RR inspire new business practices  Mergers to control more of the industry

 Continental Europe wanted to adopt “British Miracle”  French Revolution and Napoleon messed things up Halted trade Interrupted communication Caused inflation  $ Gap between GB and rest of Europe

 Belgium first continental European country  British secrets illegally smuggled into country  John Cockerill – industrial enterprise building machines

 Germany  Pockets of industrialization  Copied British model  Sent children to England to learn  Built railroads

 Rest of Europe  Regions industrialized Spain’s Catalonia – processed cotton Northern Italy – mechanized textile production Factories around Moscow  France – more measured and controlled Avoided social and economic problems

 Some countries did not industrialize  Geography Transportation obstacles  Lack of resources

 Widened wealth gap  Industrialized vs. nonindustrialized  Exploitation of colonies  IMPERIALISM  need for resources and markets  Transformed society  Development of middle class  Educational opportunities  Democratic participation