Chart: North and South (Chapter 14) Life in the NorthLife in the South UrbanRural Economy based on industry Economy based on agriculture Railroads increased commerce within the U.S. Cotton Kingdom: Cotton most profitable cash crop Yankee clipper ships increased foreign trade Dependent on North and Europe for manufactured goods New machines helped produce more goods Invention of cotton gin increased planters’ profits Artisans formed trade unions to improve working conditions Limited industry as money invested in land and slaves Wave of European immigrants supplied factory labor Slave codes place restrictions on African Americans Slavery outlawed, but African Americans faced discrimination About 94% of region’s African Americans enslaved Copy into your ISN
Northern Inventors Put notes in your ISN
Steel Plow John Deere
Mechanical Reaper 1847-Cyrus McCormick Chicago, IL Mowed wheat/grains
Threshing Machine It was invented (c.1784) for the separation of grain from stalks and husks. For thousands of years, grain was separated by hand with flails, and was very laborious and time consuming. Mechanization of this process took much of the drudgery out of farm labor.flails
Hay Rake
Mechanical Drill Jethro Tull Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers. He realized that the usual way of sowing seeds by scattering them on the ground was wasteful. Many seeds did not take root. The seed drill, which he invented in 1701, allowed the farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. When his invention was used, a larger share of the seed germinated. As a result, crop yields increased even more.
Results of Farming Innovations: Increased farm productivity Westward movement Increase in factory jobs
Yankee Clipper John Griffith's Rainbow Sleek vessel, tall mass, huge sails 1840s New York to Hong Kong 5 months Clipper 81 days Increased U.S. Sea trade in the 1840s & 1850s
Life in the North Worsening factory conditions Trade Unions- workers come together to demand higher wages, shorter days, better working conditions African Americans face discrimination African Americans were denied “the ballot- box, the jury box, the halls of legislature, the army, the public lands, the school and the church”
Immigration in the North
What happened in the1850s? Irish Potato Famine Disease destroyed potato crop Famine-severe food shortage million Irish fled to the U.S.
Southern Economy
Cotton Boom Cotton Gin- increased production 6,000 to 2 million bales of cotton Cotton expands westward Slavery follows
Agricultural Economy Rice Sugar Tobacco Livestock
Limited Industry Tools manufactured most in the North Slavery reduced the need for southern industry
Economically Dependent Little industry= Reliance on Northern production
“The grave was dug through solid marble, but the marble headstone came from Vermont. It was in a pine wilderness but the pine coffin came from Cincinnati. An iron mountain overshadowed it but the coffin nails and the screws and the shovel came from Pittsburgh… A hickory grove grew nearby, but the pick and shovel handles came from New York… That country, so rich in underdeveloped resources, furnished nothing for the funeral except the corpse and the hole in the ground.” -1889
What did that passage tell you about the South’s dependence on the North?
Life in the South Owned 5 or more slaves Owned 1-4 slaves 8% 50% 2% 32% 8% Whites who owned NO slaves Free African Americans Enslaved African Americans
“Cottonocracy” A planter who owned at least 20 slaves Rich Family Elegant Lifestyle Politics Only 1 in 30 people Lifestyle dominated the south
Other Whites Small Farmers: 75% Plain Folk- might own 1-2 slaves Worked in the fields w/ slaves Poor Whites Didn’t own land Hill Country
African Americans in the South Free and Enslaved
Free African Americans Descendants of Revolutionary War Vets 200,000 Northern parts of the South Cities- New Orleans, Richmond, and Charleston
Restrictions Fear No vote No travel Pushed out
Enslaved- Slave Codes Purpose: No rebel or runaways No groups of more than 3 Owner’s permission to leave No reading No writing Could not testify in court
Resistance Small resistance: break tools, steal crops… Denmark Vesey: 1822 planned revolt –Discovered before attempt: 35 people executed Nat Turner Preacher –Led revolt Southhampton, VA –Killed 57 whites Revolts were rarely successful