Spread of Chinese Civilization VietnamKoreaJapan

Korea : Three Kingdoms period All vie for control, but unable to unite Korea Influx of Chinese influence : Silla (Korean) & Tang dynasties ally to conquer Korea : Silla independent rule : Koryo dynasty – Mongol Overlords : Yi dynasty

Vietnam 111 BCE – 939 CE = Chinese rule 39 CE: Trung Sisters lead revolt = Vietnam breaks free of Chinese rule various dynasties continue Chinese-style policies

Spread of Chinese Civilization: The Basics… Tribute SystemTribute System BuddhismBuddhism SinificationSinification

Korea: Between China & Japan Middle Kingdom Vietnam Korea Japan

Independent, but… Korea filled with political rivalry Korea filled with political rivalry Koguryo, Paekae, Silla Koguryo, Paekae, Silla Tang & Silla ( ) Tang & Silla ( ) Koryo ( ) Koryo ( ) Long lived in shadow of China Long lived in shadow of China Han expansion Han expansion Buddhism Buddhism Settlers during Chinese weakness Settlers during Chinese weakness

Civilization for the Few Society & sinification dominated by elite Society & sinification dominated by elite Everyone oriented to service aristocrats Everyone oriented to service aristocrats Schooling Schooling Administrative techniques Administrative techniques Exam system bureaucrats – Elite only Exam system bureaucrats – Elite only Flexibility of women replaced Flexibility of women replaced Confucianism Confucianism Only Buddhism permeates masses Only Buddhism permeates masses

Effects Elite & legitimizing rule Elite & legitimizing rule Hangul Hangul : Yi : Yi Hermit Kingdom Hermit Kingdom

Vietnam: b/t China & SE Asia Middle Kingdom Vietnam Korea Japan

Conquest & Sinification Vassal in tribute system Vassal in tribute system Aware of China’s superiority Aware of China’s superiority Han & Tang expansion results in full incorporation by China (111 BCE-939 CE) Han & Tang expansion results in full incorporation by China (111 BCE-939 CE) Expected to assimilate “southern barbarians” Expected to assimilate “southern barbarians”

Elite & the Masses Vietnamese elite value some advantages of Sinification: Vietnamese elite value some advantages of Sinification: Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism Political & military organization Political & military organization But strong popular identity remains: But strong popular identity remains: Language Language Nuclear families Nuclear families Freedom of women Freedom of women Customs Customs

Effects Political resistance remains Political resistance remains Cross-class, cross-gender Cross-class, cross-gender Vietnam expands southward Vietnam expands southward Cultural influence remains Cultural influence remains Mandate of Heaven Mandate of Heaven True exam system True exam system Buddhism Buddhism

Japan: Selective Borrowing Middle Kingdom Vietnam Korea Japan

Imperial Age CE: Deliberate borrowing CE: Deliberate borrowing Taika Reforms: aimed at creating a Chinese-styled central government Taika Reforms: aimed at creating a Chinese-styled central government Son of Heaven, but not Mandate of Heaven Son of Heaven, but not Mandate of Heaven Chinese script & histories Chinese script & histories Professional bureaucracy & peasant conscript army Professional bureaucracy & peasant conscript army Undermined by Buddhist monasteries & aristocrats Undermined by Buddhist monasteries & aristocrats

Heian Period CE: Early Heian Period CE: Early Heian Period Adapting borrowed ideas Adapting borrowed ideas Ultra-civilized – superficial focus on beauty & social interactions Ultra-civilized – superficial focus on beauty & social interactions Tale of Genji Tale of Genji : Transition in the Late Heian : Transition in the Late Heian Attempts at centralization fail amidst powerful aristocrats (court & regional) Attempts at centralization fail amidst powerful aristocrats (court & regional)

Feudal Age : Feudal Age of warfare : Feudal Age of warfare Daimyo Daimyo Samurai Samurai Bushido Bushido Peasants Peasants Merchants Merchants Age of gradual economic growth Age of gradual economic growth Merchants & internal trade Merchants & internal trade Guilds & artisans Guilds & artisans