What causes Clouds? What are their Names? Cumulus Stratus Cumulonimbus Cirrus.

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Presentation transcript:

What causes Clouds? What are their Names? Cumulus Stratus Cumulonimbus Cirrus

How does the temperature change in the troposphere? Adiabatic lapse rate = ΔT / ∆Alt. Adiabatic means TE insulated air parcel (imaginary box of air) Air Parcel P Vol TE stays the same T DALR = Dry adiabatic lapse rate = cooling rate for air parcel <dew pt. Moist ALR = cooling rate for a.p. > dew pt. (latent heat release) ELR = Environmental lapse rate = surrounding atm. lapse rate ΔDew pt. = change due to P change Lifting Condensation Level = (DALR-Δdew pt) -1 x (T G -dew pt) If ELR<DALR, then air is stable If ELR>DALR, then air is unstable, rising air will gain buoyancy Altitude (km) DALR ~ 10 0 C/km ELR ~ /km ΔDew Pt. ~ 2 0 /km T( 0 C)

Problem: Cumulus clouds are observed on a sunny afternoon. The temperature is 25 0 C and the dew point is 7 0 C. How high are the flat bottoms of the cumulus clouds? Answer: 2.25 km or 7380 ft.

Cloud TypesLift Mechanism 1. Cumulus: A. Convection B. Cold fronts 2. Stratus: C. Warm fronts D. Stationary fronts 3. Cumulonimbus: E. Convergence F. Orographic lift 4. Cirrus: Match the cloud type with the probable lift mechanism(s). A C D E F A B B C D E

Name 2 ways that the moisture in an air sample can begin to condense? 1. Lower its temperature! 2. Add moisture!

Let’s recall a few terms and add one or two… Adiabatic DALR ELR Dew Pt. LR AH RH MALR = Moist ALR, the lower LR caused by latent heat release during condensation Moisture Evaporation Condensation Dew Point Undersaturation Saturation Supersaturation Lapse rate

What is relative humidity (RH)? Relative humidity is a percentage measure of the amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount present at saturation for a given air temperature. RH = D v / SD v x 100% Or RH = Partial P v / SP v x 100% Partial P v is P of only water molecules attaching to microdroplet SP v is P of water molecules attaching at dew point

Solve these problems about air samples? Saturation Vapor Pressure at Given Temperature Temp Sat Vapor Prs (mb) Temp Sat Vapor Prs (mb) (C)(F)(C)(F) T = 80 0 F, Pv = 35 mb, RH? RH = 100% 2. T = 70 0 F, Pv = 10.2 mb, RH? RH = 41% 3. T D = 28 0 C, Pv = 4.6 mb, RH? RH = 12% 4. RH = 50%, Pv = 14.8 mb, T? T = 75 0 F 5. T = 90 0 F, RH = 30%, T D ? T D = 54 0 F 6. Air just above the ground has a saturated vapor pressure of 4.0 mb. What phase of water will occur if the ground cools the air to the dew point? Frost

Consider 2 parcels of air… Parcel 1: T=31 0 F, Td=28 0 F Parcel 2: T=89 0 F, Td=48 0 F 1. Which parcel has the absolute humidity? Parcel 2 2. Which one has the highest RH? Parcel 1 3. Which one will reach its dew point first at equal cooling rates? Parcel 1 4. If both parcels reach saturation, which one has the highest potential precipitation? Parcel 2

What happens to rising air? Altitude Temperature ELR -6 0 C/km DALR /km SP v MALR: Latent heat released -5 to -6 0 C/km TdTd TdTd Stable atm Unstable atm tropopause W. Jetstream