1 Regents Exam Review Part 1 Political, Economic and Social Revolutions 10 th grade Global History and Geography Mr. Schwenebraten

2 Political Revolutions 1.French Revolution – 1789 – inspiration to later revolutions

3 A.Causes Absolute Monarchy – Louis XVI Huge debt = large taxes

4 Social Inequality –three social classes (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd Estates) Inspiration

5 B.Results Limited monarchy Political power shifts to bourgeoisie

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7 2.Independence movements in Latin America – 19 th century A. NATIONALISTIC feelings led to new nations Break away from Spain, Portugal, and France

8 B.Inspiration = American and French Revolutions

9 C.Key figures: Toussaint L’Ouverture Simón Bolívar José de San Martín

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11 Reaction against Revolutions 1.Congress of Vienna A.Goal: Restore Europe to pre- French Revolution conditions Contain France, balance of power and legitimacy

12 2.Latin America A. Power shift from King’s representative to military leaders/wealthy landowners B. Cash crop economies

13 Economic Revolutions 1.Industrial Revolution A.Before a nation can industrialize it must have enough FOOD and CAPITAL

14 B.Why did it begin in England? Natural resources (coal and iron ore), human resources, and transportation → land, labor, capital

15 Industrialize ↓ mass production ↓ mass distribution

16 C.Mass production = assembly line Each person performs ONE task Problem = BOREDOM

17 E.Results: Increase middle class More social mobility Urbanization Government reforms = correct evils of factories

18 2.Capitalism, Socialism, Communism A. Capitalism – private ownership of means of production - PROFIT B. Socialism – some government (public) control of business C. Communism – complete government control of business

19 Social Revolutions 1.Karl Marx – Communist Manifesto – “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”

20 A.History is an ongoing conflict between the rich and the poor

21 B. Industrialization/ Capitalism leads to proletarian revolution – “Workers of the world, unite.” Conditions only improve when workers are in control and create a classless society

22 2.Adam Smith – “laissez faire” – govt. hands off A.Economic freedom guarantees economic progress

23 3. Social Darwinism A. Survival of the fittest applied to people, businesses and nations