The Duel for North America 1608 – 1763 AP US HIS Mr. Love

The French Settlement 1608 – First French settlement in the New World: Quebec Samuel de Champlain – “Father of New France” Friendly relations with Huron Indians/ enemies with the Iroquois Indians Results in Iroquois Indians joining with Great Britain Many Iroquois fought and raided French settlements Motive was to compete with Spain & England for Empire in America

Characteristics of New France Autocratic- under direct control of the king No popularly elected assemblies No trial by jury Slow population growth – French favored the West Indies Fur trapping- main economic pursuit Recruited Indians to help Jesuits missionaries played vital role as explorers/ geographers French legacy in the Mississippi River Valley Cajuns

Characteristics of New France How are these French different from the English? Think along the lines of settlement, government and the judicial system.

Effects on the Indians Decimated by the white man’s diseases & debauched by alcohol “firewater” Jesuits missionaries converted few Indians. Many were slaughtered by the natives

Battle for Empire in the New World p. 110 England v. France v. Spain 1688– bitter world wars King William’s War & Queen Anne’s War British against the French fur trappers & their Indian allies & eventually Spain What type of soldiers are involved? Why not use massive amounts of soldiers to fight? British won Britain provided the colonies with a period of “salutary neglect” - fertile soil for rebellion

Battle for Empire in the New World p. 110 Watch out! Here comes the War of Jenkins’s Ear. How does this war start and what is the result? It ended the peace which allowed for more war to come between these nations.

Wars continued King George’s War France allied with Spain New Englanders captured the French fortress at Louisbourg, only to have it returned to the French by the peace treaty of 1748 American colonies felt betrayed by their British masters. Why did they feel this way? Focus of rivalry then turned to the Ohio Valley

Ohio River Valley Conflict Key area for the French Would connect their holdings in Canada to Mississippi Valley 1749 – Colonial speculators claimed the land French started building forts Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

Washington & War George Washington was sent to secure Virginia’s claims When encountering the French, the Virginians fired the first shots French leader killed, GW’s men retreated French returned with reinforcement Surrounded Washington at Fort Necessity Washington forced to surrender after 10 hours

Results of Conflict British authorities took action British uprooted 4000 Frenchmen in Acadia (Nova Scotia) Many moved to Louisiana – Cajuns

Global War French & Indian War 1756 – 1763 (Seven Years’ War) began in America/ fought in America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, & the ocean French wasted so much strength in Europe, they were unable to throw an adequate force into the New World

Colonial Unity Albany Congress was held to achieve greater colonial unity & bolster the common defense Only 7 of the 13 colonies attended Immediate purpose- keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in war Franklin proposed colonial home rule rejected by both Britain (too much independence) & the colonies (not enough independence)

Benjamin Franklin’s famous cartoon: “Join, or Die”

French & Indian War/ Seven Years’ War General Edward Braddock sent to Virginia to help with war Gathered supplies from colonists Sent with 2000 militiamen (buckskins) to capture Fort Duquesne “Bulldog” Braddock – behind-the-tree methods of fighting Indians

Braddock’s Blundering Expedition moved slowly Few miles short of Fort Duquesne, Braddock encountered French & Indian army George Washington – aide to Braddock Braddock mortally wounded Victory for the French

Indian Attacks Excited about victory, Indians started attacks from Pennsylvania to North Carolina English started offering money for Indian scalps

War Continues Early British defeats result of tactical error: attacking exposed wilderness posts simultaneously instead of focusing completely on Montreal & Quebec Led to defeat after defeat for Britain

William Pitt – The Great Commoner Became British Prime Minister in 1757 and focused Britain’s efforts on the Quebec- Montreal area Battle of Quebec 1759 Selected James Wolfe to attack Quebec Wolfe faced Marquis de Montcalm & both were mortally wounded French defeated & city surrendered

Victories for Britain Louisbourg recaptured 1758 Battle of Quebec 1759 Very important victory for Britain Montreal fell to British in 1760 Last time French flag waved in Canada

Peace Settlement at Paris 1763 Results: p. 115 French thrown completely off continent of North America Could retain small sugar islands in West Indies Mississippi River East & Florida – England French Canada – England Trans-Mississippi Louisiana/ plus New Orleans – Spain In return for Cuba Great Britain was now the dominant power in North America

Ottawa Chief Pontiac 1763 Led several tribes in a campaign to drive British out of the Ohio Valley Indians wiped out all but 3 British posts west of Appalachians British crushed uprising Helped convince British for need to stabilize Indian- white relations & keep troops in colonies

British/American Friction Colonials emerged with increased confidence in their military strength & self-esteem Myth of British invincibility was shattered British distressed by the reluctance of the colonials to support the common cause whole heartedly Colonials demanded the rights & privileges of Englishmen, without the duties & responsibilities of Englishmen Did not want to provide for troops during war

Effect of French defeat Threat of the French & Indians on the frontier removed Land hungry colonials were now free to expand westward over the Appalachian Mountains Colonials developed a new vision of their ultimate destiny

Proclamation of 1763 Prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachian Mountains Designed to work out the Indian problems & avoid further uprisings Americans saw it as a violation of their rights Caused anger & defiance