M E D I N F O '9 5 ADVANCED PATIENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND MEDICAL CONCEPT REPRESENTATION MEDINFO’95 WORKSHOP

M E D I N F O '9 5 CHRISTOPHER G. CHUTE MAYO CLINIC, ROCHESTER, MINNESOTA, USA JAMES J. CIMINO COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, N.Y., N.Y., USA EIKE H.-W. KLUGE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, VICTORIA, B.C., CANADA YVES LUSSIER UNIVERSITY OF SHERBROOKE, SHERBROOKE, QUEBEC, CANADA JOCHEN R. MOEHR VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, VICTORIA, B.C., CANADA VIMLA L. PATEL MCGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA ANGELO ROSSI MORI NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, ROME, ITALY

M E D I N F O '9 5 ADVANCED PATIENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND MEDICAL CONCEPT REPRESENTATION MEDINFO’95 WORKSHOP n History of the Workshop n Purpose of the Workshop n Goal: u Explore characteristics and requirements of advanced patient records (APR). u Identify need for improved medical concept representation in APR. n Review current status of medical concept representation and identify challenges and necessary improvements

M E D I N F O '9 5 ADVANCED PATIENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND MEDICAL CONCEPT REPRESENTATION MEDINFO’95 WORKSHOP I Issues: 9:00-10:00 Advanced Patient Records: Characteristics (Jochen R. Moehr) Clinical Perspective (James Cimino) Ethico Legal Perspective (Eike H.-W. Kluge) Cognitive Science Perspective (Vimla L. Patel) II Current Status and Limitations10:00-11:00 of Medical Concept Representation: IMIA WG 2 Initiatives/Activities (Christopher G. Chute) Semantic Concept Representation Work (James Cimino, C. G. Chute) Controlled Vocabularies (Yves Lussier) Galen Project (Angelo Rossi Mori) Standardization Initiatives (Angelo Rossi Mori) Break11:00-11:30 III Discussion: Requirements for Improvement:11:30-12:30

M E D I N F O '9 5 Introduction n Advanced Patient Records u Characteristics u Implications n Proposal for Solution

M E D I N F O '9 5 Advanced Patient Records n Characteristics u Ubiquitous u Multi-Institutional u Networked u Multi Medial u Voluminous è Virtual Patient Record n Implications: u Information Problems u Recall & Precision u Ethical Problems (Kluge)

M E D I N F O '9 5 Recall and precision problems are compounded in the networked virtual health record.

M E D I N F O '9 5 Recall Problem n The location of relevant data is not necessarily known, making it hard to retrieve them n Increasing recall decreases precision n Increasing precision decreases recall

M E D I N F O '9 5 Precision Problem n Data relevant for a defined decision are usually mixed with data that do not contribute to that decision n Caused by: u Volume u Time u Source

M E D I N F O '9 5 Volume n medical records are voluminous n no upper boundary exists, such as a criterion for ‘completeness’ n hence it is difficult to find relevant data among the masses of data n the need to find relevant data and the size of the record increase in problem patients è where precision matters most precision is least

M E D I N F O '9 5 Time n medical data become quickly obsolete for medical care decisions n relevance of data, i.e., precision, decreases over time è the older the data the less relevant (precise)

M E D I N F O '9 5 Source n medical data quality depends on their source, e.g.: u laboratory u clinical u subjective impression n the more valid the source, the higher the precision n data validity is not source specific but context specific

M E D I N F O '9 5 Semantic Indexing as a Solution - Alternatives n a) Retrieval of “complete” virtual record n b) Retrieval by imposed structure, e.g., SOAP, Time and Source n c) Retrieval by automated semantic indexing

M E D I N F O '9 5 Semantic Indexing as a Solution - Alternatives n a) Retrieval of “complete” virtual record “all data available on John Doe” u potentially boundless u costly (time, $$) u very low precision u high recall u little value n b) Retrieval by imposed structure, e.g., SOAP, Time and Source n c) Retrieval by automated semantic indexing

M E D I N F O '9 5 Semantic Indexing as a Solution - Alternatives n a) Retrieval of “complete” virtual record n b) Retrieval by imposed structure, e.g., SOAP, Time and Source: “all radiographs and lab data obtained March and April ‘95 at xyz hospital” u improved precision u reduced recall u P&R limited by original structure u feasible u improved benefit/cost ratio n c) Retrieval by automated semantic indexing

M E D I N F O '9 5 Semantic Indexing as a Solution - Alternatives n a) Retrieval of “complete” virtual record n b) Retrieval by imposed structure, e.g., SOAP, Time and Source n c) Retrieval by automated semantic indexing “all data of John Doe pertinent to chronic pulmonary hypertension” u instantiation meta data base u need for representation of deep knowledge u potentially high precision and recall u P&R not limited by imposed structure u potential for solution also of ethical problems u cost benefit ratio and feasibility unknown

M E D I N F O '9 5 Clinical Perspective James J. Cimino, M.D. Department of Medical Informatics Columbia University New York, New York, USA

M E D I N F O '9 5 ClinicalPerspective DataCapture ClinicalComputingPerspective

M E D I N F O 5 Clinical Computing Perspective n Record Structure u Represented by Data Dictionary n Record Content u Represented by Content Dictionary

M E D I N F O '9 5 Same Meaning, Different Structure "Family History of Cancer" Finding + Modifier: "Cancer (Family History of)" Finding + Modifier: "Family History (Cancer)" Family History Table: "Cancer"

M E D I N F O '9 5 Content Dictionary - Limitations n Limited by coding structure n Limited by strict hierarchy n Limitations on freedom of expression n Must avoid redundant forms of expression n Meaning of terms must be clear n No one level of granularity is appropriate n Can't be independent of data dictionary

M E D I N F O '9 5 Cognitive Science Perspective Vimla L. Patel, Ph.D. Centre for Medical Education McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada

M E D I N F O '9 5 Levels of Meaning in Text and Discourse n Text-based Model u Representation of Textual Material (Syntax/Semantics) u Generation of Local Inferences u Propositional Representation n Situational Model u Representation of Events, Actions and Persons in Context u Conceptual Representation: Semantic Network u Generation of High-Level Inferences u Pragmatics: Context-bound Inferences

M E D I N F O '9 5 CLINICAL DATA Representation of Clinical Information Interpretation (in Context) Data-driven Process PRIOR KNOWLEDGE Interactive Process of Understanding Clinical Problems Comprehension New Knowledge Generalization Instantiation Conceptually Driven Process

M E D I N F O '9 5 Semantic Network (relationships between propositions) CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATION situational model PROPOSITIONAL REPRESENTATION text-based model Propositional Analysis (a form of representation of a semantic network in memory) NATURAL LANGUAGE expressed through THOUGHTS AND IDEAS Semantic Representation of Natural Language Analysis

Schematic Representation of Hierarchical Structure of Medical Knowledge as Used for Problem-Solving 5. COMPLEXES LEVEL 4. DIAGNOSTIC LEVEL 3. FACET LEVEL 2. FINDING LEVEL 1. OBSERVATION LEVEL C1 C2 D1 D2 D3 FA1 FA2 FA3 FA4 FA5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 O7 O8 O9 O10 O11 O12 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O

M E D I N F O '9 5 Concept Representation Work n Semantic network approach n Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) n Galen n Canon Group n Electronic Medical Record Project n SNOMED International

M E D I N F O '9 5 Content Dictionary - Implications n Not limits by coding structure n Multiple hierarchies permitted n Semantic attributes increase expressiveness n Redundant forms of expression recognized n Semantic attributes define meaning n Multiple levels of granularity n Can also model data dictionary

M E D I N F O '9 5 Same Meaning, Equivalent Structures "Family History of Cancer" Cancer - has modifier - Family History of Family History - has modifier - Cancer Family History - has element - Cancer

M E D I N F O '9 5 US Vocabulary Development n Unified Medical Language System n SNOMED International n Canon n Electronic Medical Record Project

M E D I N F O '9 5 Unified Medical Language System n National Library of Medicine 10-year effort n Metathesaurus n Semantic Network n Information Sources Map n Specialist Lexicon

M E D I N F O '9 5 Canon n Independent researchers with different needs n Experiment in collaborative vocabulary development n Representation of chest xray reports n Development of a "merged model"

M E D I N F O '9 5 Electronic Medical Record Project n National Library of Medicine n Controlled vocabulary of clinical medicine n Cooperative agreement n Arden workshop on Patient Problems