1.1 What Is Earth Science? Overview of Earth Science  Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand Earth Earth's neighbors in space

1.1 What Is Earth Science? Overview of Earth Science  Earth science includes 1. geology, the study of Earth 2. oceanography, the study of the ocean 3. meteorology, the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather 4. astronomy, the study of the universe

1.1 What Is Earth Science? Formation of Earth  Most researchers conclude that Earth and the other planets formed at essentially the same time.  Nebular Hypothesis The solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula.

1.1 What Is Earth Science? Formation of Earth  Nebular Hypothesis • The nebula was composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. • About 5 billion years ago, the nebula began to contract.

1.1 What Is Earth Science? Formation of Earth  Nebular Hypothesis • Inner planets begin to form from metallic and rocky clumps. • Larger outer planets began forming from fragments with a high percentage of ices.

The Nebular Hypothesis C D E B

1.2 A View of Earth Earth's Major Spheres 1. Hydrosphere • Ocean is the most prominent feature of the hydrosphere. - Is nearly 71% of Earth's surface - Holds about 97% of Earth's water • Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found underground

1.2 A View of Earth Earth's Major Spheres 2. Atmosphere 3. Biosphere • Thin, tenuous blanket of air • One half lies below 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles) 3. Biosphere • Includes all life • Life forms of the biosphere are located in the geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

1.2 A View of Earth Earth's Major Spheres 4. Geosphere • Based on compositional differences, it consists of the crust, mantle, and core. - Crust—the thin, rocky outer layer of Earth. - Mantle—the 2890-kilometer-thick layer of Earth located below the crust. - Core—the innermost layer of Earth, located beneath the mantle.

Earth’s Layered Structure

1.2 A View of Earth Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics is the theory that proposes that Earth’s outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and Earth’s crust itself.

1.4 Earth System Science What Is a System?  A system is any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.  Closed systems are self contained (e.g., an automobile cooling system).  Open systems allow both energy and matter to flow in and out of the system (e.g., a river system).

1.4 Earth System Science Earth is a System  Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts or spheres.  Earth system science studies Earth as a system that is composed of numerous parts, or subsystems.

1.4 Earth System Science Earth as a System  Sources of Energy • Sun—drives external processes such as weather, ocean circulation and erosional processes • Earth’s interior—drives internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building

1.4 Earth System Science Earth as a System  Consists of a nearly endless array of subsystems (e.g., hydrologic cycle)  Humans are part of the Earth system.

1.4 Earth System Science People and the Environment  Environment • Surrounds and influences organisms Physical environment encompasses water, air, soil, and rock The term environmental is usually reserved for those aspects that focus on the relationships between people and the natural environment.

1.4 Earth System Science People and the Environment  Resources • Include water, soil, minerals, and energy • Two broad categories 1. Renewable—can be replenished (e.g., plants, energy from water and wind) 2. Nonrenewable—cannot be replenished in the near future (e.g., metals, fuels)

1.4 Earth System Science People and the Environment  Population • Population of the planet is growing rapidly • Use of minerals/energy has climbed more rapidly than the overall growth of population

Growth of World Population

1.4 Earth System Science Environmental Problems  Local, regional, and global  Caused by people and societies • Urban air pollution • Acid rain • Ozone depletion • Global warming  Caused by natural hazards • Earthquakes • Landslides

1.5 What Is Scientific Inquiry? Science 1.5 What Is Scientific Inquiry?  Science assumes the natural world is • consistent • predictable  Goals of science are • to discover patterns in nature • to use the knowledge to predict

1.5 What Is Scientific Inquiry? Hypothesis and Theory 1.5 What Is Scientific Inquiry?  An idea can become a hypothesis—tentative or untested explanation theory—tested, confirmed, supported hypothesis  Scientific Method Gather facts through observation Formulate hypotheses Test hypotheses to formulate theories

1.5 What Is Scientific Inquiry? Science Methods 1.5 What Is Scientific Inquiry?  Scientific knowledge is gained through • following systematic steps 1. Collecting facts 2. Developing a hypothesis 3. Conducting experiments 4. Reexamining the hypothesis and accepting, modifying, or rejecting it • theories that withstand examination totally unexpected occurrences

NORTH SOUTH WEST EAST DRAW THE COORDINATE PLANE… AND LABEL NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST NORTH SOUTH WEST EAST

NORTH SOUTH WEST EAST WHAT DIRECTION DO THESE LINES GO? What do these lines measure? WHAT DIRECTION DO THESE LINES GO? NORTH SOUTH WEST EAST

LINES OF LATITUDE: - extend east to west - measure north and south of the EQUATOR L A T I U D E (north) (south)

WHAT DIRECTION DO THESE LINES MEASURE? NORTH SOUTH WEST EAST

LINES OF LONGITUDE: - extend north to south - measure east and west of the PRIME MERIDIAN

TO DESCRIBE A LOCATION… Find the LATITUDE of the location Remember, “Lat lies flat” Include whether it’s North or South of the Equator Find the LONGITUDE of the location Include whether it’s East or West of the Prime Meridian This is “giving the coordinates”

What are the coordinates of this location?

TO LOCATE A POINT… The first number will be the latitude The second will be the longitude FOLLOW THE LATITUDE LINE TO WHERE IT MEETS THE LONGITUDE LINE… and THERE IS YOUR POINT

PLOT 300N, 900E

Plot 900S 300W

Plot 600S 00 longitude

Globes Lab With a partner, answer the following questions using a globe. What is the scale on the globe? What does this represent? Identify the city or country using the following coordinates: 38° S, 145 ° E 6 ° N, 0 ° Longitude 42 °N, 13 ° E 41 ° N, 29 ° E 30 ° N, 90 ° W 17 ° N, 100 ° W 30 ° N, 37 ° W Write the coordinates of the following cities: Lima, Peru Brisbane, Australia Tokyo, Japan Sri Lanka, India Antalaha, Madagascar Dublin, Ireland Henderson, North Carolina Demo the first ones so that they know exactly what to do.

Mercator Projections Map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude that shows true direction and correct shapes of land.

Conic Projection A map that is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.

Gnomonic Projection Map that is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point.

Scale Every map will have a scale. Scale – A certain distance on the map is equal to a certain distance on Earth’s surface. It can be showed in two ways: Ratio – 1:2,400 indicates that 1 unit on the map is equal to 2,400 units on the ground. Bar Scale – allows you to use a ruler to measure the distance on the map and then line the ruler up to the bar to determine the distance represented.

Topographic map Map that uses contour lines, symbols and color to show changes in elevation of Earth’s surface and features.

1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface Topographic Maps 1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface  Topographic maps represent Earth’s surface in three dimensions; they show elevation, distance directions, and slope angles. Contour lines are lines on a topographic map that indicate an elevation. Contour interval is the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines.

Many maps only deal with the two-dimensional location of an object without taking into account its elevation. Topographic maps on the other hand do deal with the third dimension by using contour lines to show elevation change on the surface of the earth, (or below the surface of the ocean).

Rules of Topographic Maps Any contour lines that form a circle indicate a hill or mountain. When contour lines cross a river they make a “V” When contour lines are close together it means that the slope is steep. When contour lines are far apart it means that the slope is gentle.

Topographic Maps What is the contour interval of the map? What is the elevation of Sugar Loaf Mountain? What is the approximate difference in elevation between point E and point D? What is the distance from point B to E? From point B to C?