 “Golden Age” what do you think when you see this!  How are the values of society expressed through literature?

 Golden Age: Greece entered a new era of cultural progress, wealth and power.  Acropolis center of the original city-state  Bronze statue was nearby (goddess Athena) › Parthenon white marble temple built in honor of Athena › Parthenon

 Myron & Phidias- two of history's greatest sculptors.  Myron: The Discus Thrower  Phidias: created the statues of Athena/ his greatest statue was Zeus at the Temple of Olympia.  Praxiteles (prak.sit.uhl.eez) sculptures more lifelike and natural in form and size.

 Art expressed Greek life in different ways: › First art glorified human beings › Second art of the golden age symbolized Greeks’ pride in their city-states › Third Greek art expressed Greek beliefs in harmony, balance, order and moderation. › Fourth Greek art expressed the Greek belief in beauty and usefulness.

 What is philosophy?  What is the difference between philosophy and science?

 Philosophy the study of basic questions of reality and human existence.  Socrates: taught that education was the key to personal growth. › Students train themselves to think › Greeks didn’t like how he questioned people and his ideas › They found Socrates guilty and executed

 Plato: wealthy young aristocrat and greatest of Socrates' students.  Plato founded the Academy a special school in Athens for teaching philosophy.  Theory of Forms- believed that all material things were imperfect expressions of perfect and universal ideas or forms.  The Republic- long dialogue describing Plato’s view of the perfect society.

 Aristotle: Plato’s students  He founded his own school in Athens › He believed every area of study should be studied logically. › “Ethics” ( Aristotle’s book) › What common issues did Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle study? How did their ideas about government differ?

 Pythagoras- philosopher who believed that everything could be explained in terms of mathematics.  Hippocrates- considered to be the founder of medical science. › Studies based on observation, experiment and experience and helped to collect medical knowledge in a usable form. › He believed that rest, fresh air and a good diet was the best cure.

 History: › Herodotus first historian of the Western world. › Called the father of history Thucydides became famous for his History of the Peloponnesian War. Why was the approach of history developed by Herodotus and Thucydides important?

 Many of the literature styles were first developed by the Greeks. › Dramas- plays containing action or dialogue and involving conflict and emotion. Always wrote poems in poetic form (Greeks) › Tragedies- main character struggled against fate, or events. › Sophocles- defended many traditional Greek values/ famous play Oedipus Rex. (a tragedy)

 Euripides- another great play writer during the Golden age. Wrote the Trojan Women, he also questioned old beliefs and ideas.  Greek comedies made fun of ideas and people, included both tragic and humorous figures. › Aristophanes wrote Clouds he poked fun at Socrates for his theories.

 After Golden Age Greece entered a period of struggle.  New era of Greek progress began/ new culture would form  Macedon was a kingdom in the Macedonian region of north Greece. › Lived in villages › 359 BC Philip II of Macedon became king › Philip studied Greek ways

 Philip II › Philip organized his infantry into phalanxes › Phalanx- rows of soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder/ heavy spears › Wanted to restore order in Macedon › Orators- public speakers, Demothenes  Demothenes led Athenian opposition to Philip.  Philip led an army in 338 BC he defeated Thebes and united Greece under his rule.

 Philip: › Organized the cities into a league and planned to invade Persia. › Philip was assassinated › 20 year old son Alexander took over

 Alexander studied from Greek philosopher Aristotle.  Alexander crushed a rebellion after his father death, and set out to conquer the world  331 BC Alexander completely destroyed Persia.  Conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt and Mesopotamia  Wanted to bring the known world under one empire  He got all the way to parts of northern India  Soldiers didn’t want to go further

 Alexander led his army to the Indian Ocean and divided troops › Part of army traveled west by sea/ explored the Persian Gulf and sailed inland to meet Alexander at the city of Susa › 323 BC discontent had begun to spread through the empire. › Alexander became ill in Babylon and died June 323 BC

 Hellenistic World › Greek culture spread › Alexander named many cities after himself › Each of these towns had Greeks and Macedonians › United Persia by marring Persian noblewomen and his army was to marry Persian women too › During his time a new age called Hellenistic culture

 Hellenistic culture- combined ideas and values drawn from the Mediterranean and Asia  Break up of Alexander’s empire › 301 BC three generals divided Alexander’s empire into three main kingdoms  Macedon, Egypt and Syria  200 BC Roman legion invaded Macedon  Romans over time conquered most of the Hellenistic empire.

Greek Culture spread, Barbarians were not Greek bias anymore. Greek culture spread People became more GREEK

 Religion and Philosophy › Zeno established the Stoic philosophy in Athens in late 300 BC › Believed that divine reason directs the world. People should accept their fate without regard for pleasure, wealth or social status. › Epicurus- founder of Epicurean philosophy, aim of life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain. › The Kings of the Hellenistic time encouraged practice of ruler-worship

 Science › Euclid- contributed the development of geometry › Archimedes- Calculated the value of pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

 Astronomy and Geography › Aristarchus correctly believed that the earth and other planets moved around the sun but he failed to convince others. › Eratosthenes- calculated the distance around the earth with amazing accuracy  Finding the angle of the sun’s rays from different points on the globe.