Classifying Life’s Diversity Determining Relationship Part 1

How are Relationships Determined? Relationships among organisms are determined by similarities in – Structure – Breeding behavior – Geographical distribution – Chromosomes – Biochemistry

Structural Similarities Rosa banksiae Lady Banks' Rose Rosa californica California wild rose Rosa canina Dog Rose

Structural Similarities Ursus arctos Brown bear Ursus americanus American black bear Ursus maritimus polar bear

Breeding Behavior Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle

Breeding Behavior Canis lupus familiaris Dog Canis latrans Coyote

Geographical Distribution Geospiza conirostris Large Cactus-finch (Galapagos) Geospiza fortis Medium Ground-finch (Galapagos)

Geographical Distribution Carduelis citrinella Carduelis carduelis European GoldfinchCitril Finch (Europe)

Chromosome Comparison Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Gorilla gorilla Gorilla

Chromosome Comparison Brassica oleracea Cabbage Cauliflower Broccoli

Biochemistry Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) ≠

Biochemistry Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

Biochemistry Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)

Tree of Life and Phylogenetic Classification

Tree of Life and Phylogenetic Classification Phylogeny- Phylogeny- classifies species, in comparison to other species, based on most basic to most detailed similarities. Tree of Life Tree of Life – Trunk: what all living things have in common – Lateral Branches: what each domain has in common – Individual Branches: what each (taxa) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, or Species has in common Note: each taxa does not contain the given traits of those above it, but contains all the given traits below it.

Tree of Life Cladistics- Cladistics- classification based on phylogeny that characterizes species (in a given taxon) on a branch of a tree of life. Cladogram- a diagram that Cladogram- a diagram that shows what organisms are closely related to a specific species.

Classifying Life’s Diversity The Six Kingdoms Part 2

The Six Kingdoms Prokaryotes – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

The Six Kingdoms The main factors that determine which kingdom an organism is classified in are – Cellular structure – Means of obtaining energy

Prokaryotes Prokaryotes- Prokaryotes- unicellular organisms that do not have a true nucleus bound by a membrane. – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria

Archaebacteria Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus Energy: Heterotrophy Autotrophy – Some chemosynthetic – Others photosynthetic Live in extreme environments Domain Archaea

Eubacteria Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus Energy: Heterotrophy Autotrophy – Some chemosynthetic – Others photosynthetic Found everywhere but in extreme environments Domain Bacteria

Protists Structure – Some unicellular; some multicellular – Lack complex organ system Energy – Autotrophy (obtain energy like plants) – Heterotrophy (obtain energy like animals) Domain Eukarya

Fungi Structure – Some unicellular – Some multicellular Energy – Heterotrophy – Absorb nutrients from organic materials in environment Domain Eukarya

Plants Structure – Multicellular – Cells contain a cell wall – Complex organisms; contain organ systems Energy – Autotrophy – Photosynthetic Domain Eukarya

Animals Structure – Multicellular – Complex organisms, contain organ systems Energy – Heterotrophy – Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores Domain Eukarya