Reconstruction 4 Million slaves now free President Johnson – southerner South passes strict laws against African Americans “Radical” Reconstruction begins in – Republicans force the south to allow African Americans the right to vote.
The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan Social Club Ex-Confederate Officers Ritualistic Oppose Reconstruction efforts Terrorize blacks and black sympathizers Power declines over 1870s
Trailer
Modernizing Illinois Illinois History
Morrill Act of 1862 Every loyal state receives 30,000 acres of public land for each Congressman they have Illinois – 480,000 acres Sell land to fund university University of Illinois [1885] Justin Smith Morrill, Senator - Vermont
New State Capitol 1865 – Chicago, Peoria, Decatur, and Jacksonville put in bids to become the new state capitol. Springfield offers tax money to build a new capitol building. Capitol stays in Springfield.
New Constitution Hold a convention More Republicans More delegates with northern backgrounds More attorneys than farmers Ratified in 1870 – Denies suffrage to women
Republican Control “waving the bloody shirt” Controlled the Assembly for last quarter of the 19 th century Every governor from Only 1 Democrat senator from
Illinois and the “Gilded Age” Corrupt politicians and lobbyists Experiencing significant industrial growth By 1890, only 1/3 of workforce in agriculture
Date: October 9 th, 1871 Catalysts: Chicago being mainly wood, recent drought, lack of firemen Result: – Watertower only building to survive – 300 dead – 100,000 homeless – Chicago rebuilds The Great Chicago Fire
New Chicago Rises Lumber yards, railroads, and stockyards survive fire. First modern skyscraper – Home Insurance Building [1884] – Cast-iron frame Many more to follow Chicago’s population nearly doubles in 1870s – More than St. Louis by 1880
Stockyards – “Packingtown” 100 acres of land – 2,300 pens – 21,000 cattle, 22,000 sheep, 200 horses All at once. Nelson Morris – German immigrant who supplies beef to U.S. Army during the Civil War Gustavus F. Swift Phillip D. Armour – “Everything but the squeal”
Recap McCormick’s reapers pioneer the use of advertising and credit Takes hold of lumber market Hub of railroads and grain production
Department Stores Potter Palmer, Marshall Field, Sears and Roebuck establish huge department stores. Mail order catalog originates in Chicago – Montgomery Ward – Huge catalogs (1,000 pages)
Other Industrial Growth Areas around Chicago also develop industry Metro East St. Louis develops significant iron and steel industries – Granite City – East St. Louis – Belleville – Alton 1900 – ¼ of liquor comes from Peoria Leads to a population boom
Nation’s first coal miners union organizes in West Belleville, Ill. Unions push for shorter work day, better pay, limitation of child labor, equal pay for both sexes Organizing Labor
– Anarchists meet in the square to demand better conditions. – Police attempt to disperse crowd – Bomb explodes, police open fire on the crowd – 7 policemen dead, 4 others. – 4 hanged at trial although no connection was made between them and bomber Haymarket Square [1886]
Haymarket Square Memorial Forest Park, Ill.
Frank Lloyd Wright B. June 8 th, 1867 – D. April 9 th, 1959 Architect Prairie Style Architecture Wanted to build structures in harmony with nature and their surroundings
Fallingwater [1935]
Oak Park, Illinois