Unit 2 – Day 7 Functional Groups

Functional groups are groups of atoms that affect the way hydrocarbons behave. They replace a hydrogen on the hydrocarbon. Methane Methanol

Organic Families If hydrocarbons have the same functional groups, they tend to behave the same way. For this reason, organic families of chemicals are grouped based on functional groups.

Organic Families Functional GroupFamily NameExamples -OH Hydroxyl Group AlcoholsRubbing Alcohol Grain Alcohol -COOH Carboxyl Group Carboxyllic AcidsVinegar -C=O Carbonyl Group Ketones (mid) Aldehydes (end) Formaldehyde Acetone -NH 2 Amino Group AminesAntihistamines, Amino Acids

Organic Families Functional GroupFamily NameExamples -O- Ether EthersDiethyl ether EsterEstersFlavours and Odours C=CAlkenesEthylene CCCC AlkynesAcetylene

Alcohols All alcohols have the hydroxyl group. This is a polar covalent bond, which allows alcohols to be volatile liquids. They are all toxic and flammable.

Naming Alcohols We name alcohols using the same prefix and suffix system used for hydrocarbons. The prefix indicates the number of carbons. All alcohols end in “–anol” We use a number to indicate which carbon has the hydroxyl group.

Examples: CH 3 -CH 2 OH CH 2 OH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Draw 2-pentanol

Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids all contain the carboxyl group. This group easily loses its hydrogen atom in water, which makes these molecules acidic. They are corrosive like other acids, and also volatile like organic compounds. One example is vinegar (acetic acid)

Naming Carboxylic Acids We name acids using the same system. The prefix indicates the number of carbons. The suffix for all carboxylic acids is “-anoic acid”. The carboxyl group can only go on the end carbon, so no number is required.

Examples: CHOOH CH 3 CH 2 COOH Draw butanoic acid