NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Chapter 28. I. Introduction A. Nucleons 1. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides 1. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Nuclear Chemistry A Short Study.
Advertisements

Chapter 22 – Nuclear Chemistry
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY The Basics. The Nucleus The nucleus is composed of nucleons –protons –neutrons A nucleus is characterized by two numbers –atomic mass.
RADIOACTIVE DECAY NCCS 1.1.4
Mini Quiz- Half Sheet H = 1.01 g/mol, O = g/mol S = g/mol, N = g/mol, I = g/mol 1.How many grams in 3.4 x molecules of H.
1 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter Nucleons  In nucleus of atom  Protons and neutrons.
Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry. © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. The Nucleus Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons.
Nuclear Chemistry.
Nuclear Energy. Nuclear energy is all around us and can be used for medical purposes. Nuclear energy is when an atom is split and releases energy or particles.
1. Nucleons. Protons and neutrons 2. Nuclide
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
Radioactive Isotope Isotope which is unstable. It emits radiation & changes into another kind of atom.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 1 Isotopes-Review  Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same # of protons but different # of neutrons or mass. X Atomic.
Nuclear Chemistry. Two main forces in nucleus  Strong nuclear force—all nuclear particles attract each other  Electric forces—protons repulse each other.
Nuclear Chemistry Chemistry Ms.Piela.
Nuclear Chemistry.
Atomic Stability. Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. Cu Copper – 63 OR Copper.
Nuclear Chemistry.
Atomic Number & Mass Number Atomic number = the number of protons Mass number = the number of nucleons (protons & neutrons) A neutral atom has the same.
Chapter 22 Nuclear Chemistry. Sect. 22-1: The Nucleus Nucleons – collective name for protons & neutrons Nuclide – an atom Notation: either radium – 228.
Chapter 19 Nuclear Chemistry Marie Sklodowska Curie.
What is it to be Radioactive? Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles.
Chapter 21 Preview Multiple Choice Short Answer
Aim: Why do fission and fusion reactions release so much energy? Essential Questions : Compare and contrast nuclear fission with fusion. Distinguish between.
1 Nuclear Changes Physical Science Chapter Radioactive decay  The spontaneous breaking down of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied.
What is electromagnetic radiation? radiation moving at the speed of light.
Nuclear Chemistry , Nuclear Chemistry The study of the properties and reactions of atomic nuclei Atoms with identical atomic numbers.
CHAPTER 21 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. NUCLEUS NUCLEONS ARE MADE UP OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS NUCLIDE IS AN ATOM IDENTIFIED BY THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS.
Unit 12 – Nuclear Chemistry. Part II Key Terms Alpha decay – spontaneous decay of a nucleus that emits a helium nucleus and energy Beta decay – spontaneous.
Nuclear Chemistry Isotopes-Review ► Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same # of protons but different # of neutrons or mass. X Atomic.
Nuclear Chemistry Objective: To explain the process of radioactive decay using nuclear equations and half life Essential Question: How do unstable (radioactive)
Nuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Reactions  Chemical reactions  What can NOT change in a chemical reaction?  Nuclear Reactions: changes that occur in the.
Radioactivity.
NUCLEAR FORCES NOTES. Nuclear Forces Strong nuclear forces keep the nucleons together. These are powerful short-range force of attraction between the.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry  Nuclear chemistry is the study of the structure of and the they undergo.
Nuclear Chemistry The Atom The atom consists of two parts: 1. The nucleus which contains: 2. Orbiting electrons. protons neutrons Multiple nuclei is.
Chemistry 140 Chapter 10 “Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes ”
Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. An atom is referred to as a nuclide. An atom is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
RADIATION *Penetrating rays emitted by a radioactive source *Ranges from Cosmic and Gamma Rays to Radio Waves.
CHAPTER 22 Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry Nucleons vs. Nuclide  Nucleons: General name referring to nucleus made up off Protons + Neutrons  Nuclide: Nuclear chemistry’s way.
Radiation Radiation: The process of emitting energy in the form of waves or particles. Where does radiation come from? Radiation is generally produced.
Radioactive Decay.
Nuclear Chemistry. RadioactivityRadioactivity  The spontaneous decomposition of a nucleus to form a different nucleus accompanied by a release of energy.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY OBJECTIVE: TO EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY USING NUCLEAR EQUATIONS AND HALF LIFE Essential Question: How do unstable (radioactive)
Types of Radioactive Decay Kinetics of Decay Nuclear Transmutations
Nuclear Chemistry. ATOMIC REVIEW: Atomic number = # of protons # of neutrons = mass # - atomic # protons & neutrons are in the nucleus.
Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )
Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity The process by which materials give off such rays radioactivity; the rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source.
Chapter 21 Section 2 Radioactive Decay Radioactive Decay.
Nuclear Decay. Radioactivity The emission of high-energy radiation or particles from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.
STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 7. – Alpha particles are helium nuclei with low penetrating power; they can be shielded by paper or cloth. – Beta particles.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. Atomic Structure Recall: Atoms – consist of a positively charged nucleus, which has protons and neutrons. IsotopeSymbol# protons# neutronsAtomic.
Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )
Nuclear, i.e. pertaining to the nucleus. Nucleus Most nuclei contain p + and n 0 When packed closely together, there are strong attractive forces (nuclear.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Table of Contents Nuclear Chemistry Section 1 The Nucleus Section.
Aim: Why do fission and fusion reactions release so much energy? Essential Questions : Compare and contrast nuclear fission with fusion. Distinguish between.
Integrated Science Mr. Danckers Chapter 10.
Chapter 10 Nuclear Decay. Objectives 〉 What happens when an element undergoes radioactive decay? 〉 How does radiation affect the nucleus of an unstable.
Radioactivity Elements that emit particles and energy from their nucleus are radioactive. Some large atoms are unstable and cannot keep their nucleus together.
11 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. 22 EM RADIATION II ALSO CALLED RADIANT ENERGY ONLY A PORTION IS CALLED LIGHT TRAVELS IN WAVES TRAVELS THROUGH SPACE (VACUUM)
Ch. 21 Nuclear Chemistry.
Radioactive Decay Section 21.2.
Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25.
CHAPTER 22 Nuclear Chemistry
Bell Work: Radioactivity
Three kinds of particle emission
Nuclear Chemistry Vocabulary.
Chapter 21 Section 1 – The Nucleus Nuclear Chemistry.
Presentation transcript:

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Chapter 28

I. Introduction A. Nucleons 1. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides 1. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus a. radium-228 or 228Ra 88

II. Nuclear Reactions A. Nuclear Reaction 1. A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom 2. Small amounts of mass are converted to LARGE amounts of energy a. E = mc 2 B. Transmutations 1. A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons C. Balancing Nuclear Reactions 1. Total atomic numbers and mass numbers must be equal on both sides

Radioactive Decay I. Introduction A. Radioactive Decay 1. The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter and more stable nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both B. Nuclear Radiation 1. Particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay C. Unstable Nuclides 1. All nuclides beyond atomic # 83 are unstable and radioactive

II. Types of Radioactive Decay A. Alpha Emission 1. Alpha particle (α) is a helium nucleus( 4 2 He), so it has a 2+ charge. 2. Alpha emission is restricted almost entirely to very heavy nuclei B. Beta Emission 1. Beta particle (β) is an electron emitted from the nucleus during nuclear decay 2. Beta particles are emitted when a neutron is converted into a proton and an electron

C. Gamma Emission 1. Gamma rays (  ) are high-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state 2. Gamma rays are produced when nuclear particles undergo transitions in energy levels 3. Gamma emission usually follows other types of decay that leave the nucleus in an excited state

III. Half-Life A. Half-Life (t1/2) 1. The time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay a. More stable nuclides decay slowly b. Less stable nuclides decay rapidly

Nuclear Radiation A. Penetrating Ability 1. Alpha Particles a. Least penetrating ability due to large mass and charge b. Travel only a few centimeters through air c. Cannot penetrate skin d. Can cause harm through ingestion or inhalation 2. Beta Particles a. Travel at speeds close to the speed of light b. Penetrating ability about 100 times greater than that of alpha particles. c. They have a range of a few meters in air. 3. Gamma rays a. Greatest penetrating ability b. Protection requires shielding with thick layers of lead, cement, or both

B. Penetrating ability of radiation C. Radioactive Elements 1. All isotopes of all man-made elements are radioactive 2. Some naturally isotopes are radioactive a. All isotopes of all elements beyond bismuth (atomic #83) are radioactive

A. Nuclear Fission 1. A very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass 2. The mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants. Missing mass is converted to energy a. Small amounts of missing mass are converted to HUGE amounts of energy (E = mc 2 )

B. Nuclear Chain Reaction 1. A reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction C. Critical Mass 1. The minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction

II. Nuclear Fusion A. Nuclear Fusion 1.Light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus B. Fusion Reactions 1. More energetic than fission rxns 2. Source of energy of the hydrogen bomb 3. Could produce energy for human use if a way can be found to contain a fusion rxn (magnetic field?