Rocks, Minerals, Fossils, Energy, Weathering, Soil, Erosion & Deposition

 Naturally Occurring, Inorganic, Solid, Crystalline Structure, Definite Chemical Composition

1. color 2. Streak 3. luster 4. cleavage/fracture, 5. hardness 6. density 7. special properties (ex: – fluorescence, chemical reaction, optical properties, taste, smell, magnetism, radioactivity.)

Rocks Are solid, found naturally, and made of minerals and other materials.

*igneous – melting and cooling (intrusive/extrusive) *metamorphic – heat and pressure (foliated, Nonfoliated) *sedimentary – erosion, deposition, compaction & cementation (clastic, chemical, organic)

 The rock cycle

SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS Metamorphic

 Molds/Casts  Petrified  Trace  Carbon  ICE  Amber

* how Earth’s surface has changed, * what the past climate and environment was like * evidence of how life has changed over time.

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, nuclear, fossil fuels

 Renewable- Energy from sources that cannot be used up, like solar energy.  Nonrenewable resources - Energy from sources that can be used up like fossil fuels.

Coal, natural gas, petroleum/oil

They are cheap and easy to use

1. More expensive 2. Less practical

 efforts made to reduce energy consumption

* turn off the lights when you’re out of the room * take showers instead of baths. * use recycled materials when possible

 Chemical: Breaks down rock through chemical changes. (you can’t put the pieces back together)  Mechanical: Physically breaks rock down into smaller pieces.(you can put the pieces back together)

Rate of Weathering  Climate – faster in hot, wet climates.  Rock Type and Composition – dissolves with water, CO 2, oxygen, etc.  Surface Area - more surface showing means more is exposed to weathering and breaks down quicker.

5 Main causes:  *Ice Wedging – cold climates allow ice to get into cracks and expand.  *Pressure – as pieces of rock are removed, pressure is reduced – flaking in layers  *Plant growth – roots get into cracks, grow and expand  *Abrasion – Particles carried by wind, water & ice scrape off pieces.  *Animal activity - animals burrow in ground breaking apart rocks.

 *Water – dissolves minerals  *Oxidation –Oxygen mixes with metal to make rust  *Weak acids - break down rock  * carbon dioxide  * acid in plant roots  * acid rain

 Soil covers the entire surface of Earth, takes a very long time to form, and is considered a valuable natural resource. What is soil?  The top layer of the earth's surface, consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with organic matter

 A mixture of decayed organic matter, decomposers, and weathered rock.

* Contour plowing: Farmers plow fields along the curves of a slope * Crop rotation: Farmers plant different crops in a field each year * Terracing: Farmers cut level areas into the sides of mountains * Windbreaks: Trees are planted to block wind and rain from crops

* water, ice, wind,gravity, Mr. Phillips,

*water – Caves, Valleys, Canyons, *wind – sand dunes

The agents water, wind, and ice are no longer working on the rock or they slow down.

a. Running water : alluvial fan, delta b. waves: sandbars, c. wind: sand dune e. Gravity: landslides