Chapter 16 War and Revolution

Nationalism and Alliances Two main alliances divided Europe Two main alliances divided Europe The Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Ottoman Empire The Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Ottoman Empire The Triple Entente (1907): France, Great Britain, and Russia The Triple Entente (1907): France, Great Britain, and Russia

Early 1900’s, several crises erupted (Ex. The Balkans) and caused anger and tension between the alliances. Early 1900’s, several crises erupted (Ex. The Balkans) and caused anger and tension between the alliances. There were also strikes and unrest going on inside many European countries There were also strikes and unrest going on inside many European countries

Huge increase in the size of militaries. By 1914 the sizes had doubled! Huge increase in the size of militaries. By 1914 the sizes had doubled! Russia: 1.3 million Russia: 1.3 million France and Germany: 900,000 each France and Germany: 900,000 each Great Britain, Italy and Austria-Hungary: 250,000 to 500,000 each Great Britain, Italy and Austria-Hungary: 250,000 to 500,000 each

Summer of 1914 In June, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife were killed by a Serbian terrorist In June, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife were killed by a Serbian terrorist Austrian leaders got support from Germany to declare war in July. Austrian leaders got support from Germany to declare war in July.

Russia supported Serbia and mobilized their army. Russia supported Serbia and mobilized their army. Germany declared war on Russia on August 1 st. Germany declared war on Russia on August 1 st. General Alfred von Schlieffen wanted Germany to defeat France and then attack Russia with full force– Called the Schlieffen Plan General Alfred von Schlieffen wanted Germany to defeat France and then attack Russia with full force– Called the Schlieffen Plan

Germans demanded Belgium – a neutral country – to allow German armies to pass through to France. Germans demanded Belgium – a neutral country – to allow German armies to pass through to France. This allowed Great Britain to declare war on Germany This allowed Great Britain to declare war on Germany By August 4 th, World War I had begun By August 4 th, World War I had begun

Propaganda – ideas spread to influence public opinion – was used to urge people to defend their country. Propaganda – ideas spread to influence public opinion – was used to urge people to defend their country. Most people thought the war would be over by Christmas Most people thought the war would be over by Christmas

Western Front: turned into a stalemate, neither side able to push the other out. Western Front: turned into a stalemate, neither side able to push the other out. Trench Warfare – Trenches stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. Trench Warfare – Trenches stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. 4 years – Both sides in same positions 4 years – Both sides in same positions

Eastern Front: The Russians defeated Austria-Hungary and dislodged them from Serbia. Eastern Front: The Russians defeated Austria-Hungary and dislodged them from Serbia. The Italians broke alliance with Germany and Austria in 1915 and attacked Austria. The Italians broke alliance with Germany and Austria in 1915 and attacked Austria. The Germans and Austrians came together and defeated the Russians The Germans and Austrians came together and defeated the Russians 2.5 million Russians were killed, wounded, or captured 2.5 million Russians were killed, wounded, or captured

Battle of Gallipoli (473,000 total casualties

Battle of Verdun (976,000 total casualties)

Battle of Passchendaele (848,614 total casualties estimated)

Battle of the Somme (1,219,201 total casualties) Battle of the Somme (1,219,201 total casualties)

1916 to 1917: The Great Slaughter The trenches included massive tangles of barbed wire, machine-gun nests, gun batteries, and heavy artillery The trenches included massive tangles of barbed wire, machine-gun nests, gun batteries, and heavy artillery Soldiers lived in holes in the ground. Soldiers lived in holes in the ground. Territory between the two sides called no- man’s-land. Territory between the two sides called no- man’s-land.

They began with heavy artillery and then send in thousands of troops. They began with heavy artillery and then send in thousands of troops. Millions of young men died in these attacks Millions of young men died in these attacks At Verdun, France in 1916, 700,000 men were killed in 10 months. At Verdun, France in 1916, 700,000 men were killed in 10 months.

Entry of the United States In April, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany for the use of submarine warfare in unrestricted areas. In April, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany for the use of submarine warfare in unrestricted areas. Most U.S. troops didn’t arrive until 1918, but this gave the Allies a boost in confidence, money and supplies! Most U.S. troops didn’t arrive until 1918, but this gave the Allies a boost in confidence, money and supplies!

Sinking of the Lusitania

World War I became a total war because it required a complete mobilization of people and resources. World War I became a total war because it required a complete mobilization of people and resources. As the casualties grew, the public support of the war decreased. As the casualties grew, the public support of the war decreased. Women gained new roles during WWI and in Germany, Austria, and the U.S. they were given the right to vote soon after the war ended! Women gained new roles during WWI and in Germany, Austria, and the U.S. they were given the right to vote soon after the war ended!

War and Russia The Bolsheviks were a small faction of the Marxist party in Russia. Their leader was Vladimir Lenin. The Bolsheviks were a small faction of the Marxist party in Russia. Their leader was Vladimir Lenin. “Peace, Land, Bread”. “Peace, Land, Bread”. Called themselves the Communists and had complete control of Russia by 1921 Called themselves the Communists and had complete control of Russia by 1921

The Royal Family Czar Nicholas and his wife Alexandra had 5 children. Czar Nicholas and his wife Alexandra had 5 children. Their only son, Alexis, had a condition called hemophilia. (Free Bleeder) Their only son, Alexis, had a condition called hemophilia. (Free Bleeder)

The Family’s final days Czar Nicholas II and his family were taken into captivity and were murdered by the soviets. Czar Nicholas II and his family were taken into captivity and were murdered by the soviets. Their bodies were found burned in a coal-mining shaft. Their bodies were found burned in a coal-mining shaft.

The Paris Peace Conference took place in January of 1919… The U.S., Britain, and France were known as the Big Three at the Conference. The Paris Peace Conference took place in January of 1919… The U.S., Britain, and France were known as the Big Three at the Conference. The Treaty of Versailles was the final peace settlement of WWI. It ordered Germany to pay reparations for all damages suffered by the Allies. The Treaty of Versailles was the final peace settlement of WWI. It ordered Germany to pay reparations for all damages suffered by the Allies.