BUSSINESS MATHEMATICS

LINEAR FUNCTION y = a + bx Cost Revenue Profit BEP

Is there any relationship between linear function with buss.problem Recall : COST / TOTAL COST Two kind of cost : Fixed cost  not depend on the item produced  not a function of item produced Variable cost  a function of item produced  the more item produced, the more is the cost Cost function : C(x) = Fixed cost + (Variable cost).x

Cost  C = a + bx the cost of producing x items The “parameters” (numbers that are specific to a particular business situation), are a and b. a = constant  Fixed cost b = slope = a rate of change change of the y-variable with respect to the x-variable (If the x-variable is time in hours and the y-variable is distance in kilometers , then the slope would be expressed as e.g. 50 kilometers per hour. Indeed the familiar rate of speed!  Variable cost

Example: C = 1000 + 50x Can you draw the function. If x = 0  C = Example: C = 1000 + 50x Can you draw the function ? If x = 0  C = ? If x = 20  C = ? draw a line through the points what does the constant stand for ? what does the coefficients stand for What about this function : C(t) = 25 – 5 t positive trend or negative trend what does the negative sign mean give an example

Look at these example Fixed cost by a company is about Rp. 350.000,- and the variable cost is 5000 x (75 ≤ x ≤ 125) The total cost equation is a function of 350000 and 5000 x So that the equation becomes : C = 350000 + 5000 x What is the (total) cost for 100 items  C = 350000+5000(100) = 850 000 It is not allowed to find C(150)  why ? Draw a line that reflects the fixed cost of 100, and the variable cost is 25 x

Graphing a function having restricted domain Most real-world functions will have restricted domains A = 6t + 10, 0 ≤ t ≤ 100 The “0 ≤ t ≤ 100” is a domain restriction, meaning that the function is valid only for values of t between 0 and 100, inclusive. To graph it, calculate the points at the extreme left and right: if t = 0, A = 10  point (0, 10) if t = 100, A = 610  point (100, 610)   Graph the points and draw the line:

g (t) = √(t-2) ? g(25) ? g(1) f(x) = 1/(x-1) , if x<1 f(x) = 3x2 +1 , if x>1 find : f(2) f(-1/2) What is the cost for the company that produced q unit material in a certain comodity, using a function C(q) = q3 – 30 q2 + 500 q + 200 a. cost for 10 unit b. Cost for the 10 th

1. if R = px and it is known that the item is sold 500 per unit, we can say that R(x) = 500 x then we can find what is the Revenue for 200 being sold  100 000 Can you draw a line on that ? When the unit produced is 50, the Revenue is 150000 The revenue is 200000 for 75 units sold What is the function of Revenue ? y = a + bx ( y-y1 )/(y2-y1) = (x-x1)/x2-x1)  ? What is the interpretation of the function you’ve got

Profit Profit = Revenue – Cost P = R – C What does Revenue mean ? Revenue (=R) is a function of item produced  R = f(x) (It could be linear or non linear as shown below) For our example: C(x) = 100 + .50x R(x) = x(1 - .0001x) P(x) = R(x) – C(x) = x(1 - .0001x) – (100 + .50x) = - 0.0001x2 + 0.50x - 100

Question : ? Break Even Point ?  relating to C-R-P At break Even  there is no profit  the costs equal the revenue : R(x) = C(x) Example : If the total costs are C(x) = 500 + 90x and total revenues are R(x) = 150x – x2 Find the breaking points Solution : R(x) = C(x)  150 x – x2 = 500 +90 x x2 – 60x + 500 = 0  (x-10)(x-50) = 0  x=10 ; x=50 Bring this x value to either C(x) or R(x) BEPs are : (10,5000) and (10,1400)

R = C  BEP Or you can find the BEP in units  BEP = (Fixed cost)/ (Price-variable cost) R < C  ? R > C  ? Task. Find another example

1. If total cost of a certain company C is equal to 250000 + 250 x and total Revenue is 500 x. When is the BEP occur ? BEP  R = C 500 x = 250000 + 250 x 250 x = 250000  x = 1000 It means that BEP occurs when 1000 has been sold and at that time the Revenue is 1000 * 500 = 500000 When x = 1500 what would you find ? Loss or profit ? how much is that ? show by a graph

Task : Find such a real problem in daily activity (the Revenue is in linear function) a. What is the Revenue function  draw a line b. What is the cost function  draw c. Find out when it would be loss d. When will you get profit and how much is that, Show it in a graph as well

Average Fixed Cost & Average Variable cost usually in percentage Task. Find out an example about Av Fixed cost & Av Var cost

Profit function? Maximum profit? Using the example : R(x) = (150x –x 2) and C(x) = (500 + 90x) a. write the profit function b. what level production maximizes the profit c. what is the maximum profit P(x) = R(x) - C(x) = (150x –x 2) – (500 + 90x) = -x2 +60x – 500 b. At vertex , function reaches maximum point V(x) = -b/2a = -60/(2 * -1) = 30 means producing 30 units maximizes the profit V(y) = -302 + 60 * 30 – 500 = 2200 So, the maximum profit is 2200

EQUILIBRIUM a term relating to a 'state of rest‘ there is no tendency to change. In economics, equilibrium is an important concept. Equilibrium analysis enables us to look at what factors might bring about change and what the possible consequences of those changes might be. Remember, that models are used in economics to help us to analyse and understand how things in reality might work. equilibrium analysis is one aspect of that process in that we can look at cause and effect and assess the possible impact of such changes. market equilibrium  occurs where the amount consumers wish to purchase at a particular price is the same as the amount producers are willing to offer for sale at that price. it is the point at which there is no incentive for producers or consumers to change their behaviour. graphically, the equilibrium price and output are found where the demand curve intersects (crosses) the supply curve.

Assume the demand is Qd = 150 - 5P and that supply is given by Qs = 90 + 10P. Mathematically, what we are looking to find is the point where the quantity demanded (Qd) is equal to the quantity supplied (Qs) In equilibrium we know that Qs = Qd. The left hand side must be the same as that on the right hand side  90 + 10P = 150 - 5P We can now go about collecting all the like terms onto each side , solving the equation to find P.

DEMAND FUNCTION AND SUPPLY FUNCTION The law of demand : as price goes up, demand goes down as price goes down, demand goes up What sort of things that affected the demand consumers’ willingness consumers’ income prices , etc The function is P = b – ax ; X = -ap + b P is price, a as a constant, x is quantity demanded P and x are always positive 0 ≤ P ≤ a 0 ≤ x ≤ b The Demand function is monotonically decreasing Look at this simple example :

The demand function is : P = 8 – 2x a. Find the interval of P and x b. When does the free goods occur (free goods is the conditon where no value for the unit, the price P = 0) Solution : P must be in the interval of 0 – 8 x must be in the interval of 0 – 4, to get P=0 as x = 0  P = 8 x = 1  P = 6 ...... etc, up to x = 4  P=0 so when free goods occur, x = 4 Given D function as 4x = 24 – 3p When P is $6.0 x should be 1.5 and when P is $4, x should be 3.0 When quantity demanded is 3 units, the price is $4 When quantity demanded is 4 units, the price is $2.65

Supply function  X = ap + b ; p = ax + b The law of supply : when the price goes up, the demand goes up when the price goes down, the demand goes down P and x are always positive One price is just for one unit Supply function is monotonically increasing For example : 1. Given the function x=2p – 10, the lowest price for the consumer is at x=0, it means that no supply at all. At that time the price is $5 When the price is $10, the units sold should be 10 Can you draw the function ?

When the goods is 200 units, the supply is $1000 For 250 units, the supply is $1500 Solution : Remember : (y-y1)/(y2-y1) = (x-x1)/(x2-x1) When the ordinate is P (p-p1)/(p2-p1) = (x-x1)/(x2-x1) (p-1000)/(1500-1000)= (x-200)/(250-200) p = 10x – 1000 Draw the supply function

Let's take these equations and find the equilibrium: In equilibrium, the same price equates the demand and supply, so: 900 - 0.5Q = 300 + 0.25Q 900 - 300 = 0.25Q + 0.5Q 600 = 0.75Q  Q = 800 If the equilibrium quantity (Q) = 800 then we can now find the equilibrium price through substituting Q into the two equations: P = 900 - 0.5 (800) P = 900 - 400 P = 500 For supply (as a check) P = 300 + 0.25 (800) P = 300 + 200 P = 500

Demand and Supply  ? Market Equilibrium Point ? At market equilibrium  Demand = Supply E.g. The demand function for a product is given by p2 + 2q = 1600 The supply function is given by 200 – p2 + 2q = 0 (p = price ; q = quantity) Find : a. The equilibrium quantity b. The equilibrium price Solution : Demand function q = (-1/2) p2 + 800 Supply function q = (1/2) p2 – 100 ME  D = S  (-1/2) p2 + 800 = (1/2) p2 – 100  p = 30 The equilibrium price is 30 Bring this price to either S or D function  q = (1/2)(30)2 – 100 = 350 The equilibrium quantity is 350 units