Red blood cells removed and stored Reinjected a few days before an athletic event Shown to improve endurance events (more oxygen to body) Dangerous practice as heart load increased (thicker blood)

One or more bypass grafts are implanted between the aorta and the coronary blood vessel Saphenous veins (from the leg) or arteries (like the IMA = internal mammary artery) are commonly used as grafts

Tetralogy of Fallot- four different heart defects: –Ventricular septal defect (VSD)- hole between ventricles of the heart. –Pulmonary Stenosis- narrowing at or just below the pulmonary valve –Aorta positioned over the ventricular septal defect instead of in the left ventricle –Right ventricle is more muscular than normal

Ductus arteriosus- temporary vessel between aorta and pulmonary trunk Normally closes shortly after birth Remains open increasing pressure and overworks both ventricles

Interatrial- between atria Interventricular- between ventricles

Heart block: beat “blocked”- different degrees –Dimished blood flow Flutter- Rapid atrial contractions followed by AV block Tachycardia- rapid heart rate (over 100) Brachycardia- slow heart rate (under 60)

Fibrillation- asynchronous contraction of atrial (reduces effectiveness 20-30%) or ventricular muscle (very serious)