Motivation. A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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Chapter 12 Motivation and Emotion

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Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Early Motivation Theories Motivation is based on our instincts: A behavior that is patterned throughout a species and is UNLEARNED.

Instinct Theory Explains some animal behaviors Explains some human behaviors Does not explain other human behaviors

Drive-Reduction Theory The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. The need is usually to maintain homeostasis.

Drive-Reduction Theory We are not only pushed by our needs but. … Pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Optimum Arousal Sometimes we do not seek homeostasis. Sometimes we seek arousal. Our needs go beyond reducing drives.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs