1) All species concepts, at least in animals and plants, to some degree rely upon A) genetic barriers such as polyploidy B) morphologically distinguishable taxa C) minimal gene flow across taxa D) ecological differentiation E) cryptic species

2) Speciation requires A) divergence B) allopatry C) gene flow D) vicariance E) hybrid sterility

3) Discrete ecological resources favor A) a single generalist species B) divergent specialist species C) assortative mating by ecological resource type D) disruptive selection E) all of the above except A

4) Haldane’s rule A) implies polyploidy B) implies an interaction between autosomes and sex chromosomes C) applies 100% of the time in all animal groups D) is the observation that the heterogametic sex is the one more likely to be fertile in interspecific crosses E) does not apply to birds

5) reinforcement A) is the idea that selection favors assortative mating because of the low fitness of hybrid matings B) implies that ecological and genetic divergence occurs after divergence in mating displays and behaviors C) can only take place in allopatric species pairs D) promotes divergence in ecology E) all of the above