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 You will learn to explain how earthquakes result from the buildup of energy in rocks.  You will learn to describe how compression, tension, and shear forces make rocks move along faults.  You will learn to distinguish among normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults.

Causes of ____________: Applied stresses cause _____ to _____ and _______ Applied stresses cause _____ to _____ and _______ When rocks ______ they move along surfaces called ______ When rocks ______ they move along surfaces called ______ earthquakes rocksbend stretch break faults

Earth’s _____ is in constant _______ Places ______ on rocks Rocks _____ & _______ like a rubber band Break Produces __________ called an _________________ crustmotion stress bendstretch vibrations

_______________________________________________________________

Force – _______ Force – _______ Plates move _____ Plates move _____ Rock moves __________ Rock moves __________ tension apart downward

On the east side of ____________

Force – ____________ Force – ____________ Plates come _________ Plates come _________ Rocks at the _______ are forced ___ and _____ the ones ______ the surface Rocks at the _______ are forced ___ and _____ the ones ______ the surface compression together surface up over below

Force – _____ Force – _____ Plates move ________ past each other Plates move ________ past each other Rocks on either side move ____ each other Rocks on either side move ____ each other shear sideways past

We observe these ______ in the form of faults

_______ form when stressed rocks break along surfaces. _______ form when stressed rocks break along surfaces. Stresses on rock are created by _______ ___________. Stresses on rock are created by _______ ___________. When rocks break along a _____, vibrations are created. This is an _______________! When rocks break along a _____, vibrations are created. This is an _______________! ________ ______ can form when rocks undergo tension. ________ ______ can form when rocks undergo tension. _____________ ______ produce reverse faults. _____________ ______ produce reverse faults. ___________ ______ result when rocks move past each other without much upward or downward movement. ___________ ______ result when rocks move past each other without much upward or downward movement. Faults plate movements fault Normalfaults Compressionforces Strike-slipfaults

1906 Quake Pics

Destruction by…

Measuring Earthquakes

Seismographs - are used to measure P-waves, S-waves, & surface waves

Magnitude Richter scale measures the strength of the break; describes how much energy is released by the earthquake; an increase of 1.0 has 32x as much energy

Richter Scale – 1.0 to 8.9 Richter Scale – 1.0 to 8.9

Tsunamis - a seismic sea wave that can reach 30m high

Tsunami of 2005

Japan 2011

San Francisco