CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey UNIT 6: Learn

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey UNIT 6: TO DO LIST  Discussion Board Discussion Board  CORNERSTONE – CHAPTER 5 CORNERSTONE – CHAPTER 5  Weekly Seminar Weekly Seminar  Quiz Quiz  Discussion Board Discussion Board  CORNERSTONE – CHAPTER 5 CORNERSTONE – CHAPTER 5  Weekly Seminar Weekly Seminar  Quiz Quiz

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey LASSI  Learning and Studies Learning and Studies Strategy Inventory  Learning and Studies Learning and Studies Strategy Inventory

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Your Results LASSI can be broken down into three areas: Skill: Information processing, Selecting Main Ideas, Test Strategies Will: Anxiety, Attitude, Motivation, Self-Regulation: Concentration, Self-Testing, Study Aids, Time Management,

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Anxiety  Anxiety: Most anxiety incapacitates us when we have not taken the time to prepare and prevent an academic situation, which overwhelms us. Work on techniques that work for you when it comes to coping with your particular anxieties. Decrease your anxiety by educating yourself on how to focus on the undertaking at hand and not the anxiety. When you start to build on your study skills, preparation, and stress reduction, you will also work on decreasing your anxiety. Anxiety: Most anxiety incapacitates us when we have not taken the time to prepare and prevent an academic situation, which overwhelms us. Work on techniques that work for you when it comes to coping with your particular anxieties. Decrease your anxiety by educating yourself on how to focus on the undertaking at hand and not the anxiety. When you start to build on your study skills, preparation, and stress reduction, you will also work on decreasing your anxiety.  Anxiety: Most anxiety incapacitates us when we have not taken the time to prepare and prevent an academic situation, which overwhelms us. Work on techniques that work for you when it comes to coping with your particular anxieties. Decrease your anxiety by educating yourself on how to focus on the undertaking at hand and not the anxiety. When you start to build on your study skills, preparation, and stress reduction, you will also work on decreasing your anxiety. Anxiety: Most anxiety incapacitates us when we have not taken the time to prepare and prevent an academic situation, which overwhelms us. Work on techniques that work for you when it comes to coping with your particular anxieties. Decrease your anxiety by educating yourself on how to focus on the undertaking at hand and not the anxiety. When you start to build on your study skills, preparation, and stress reduction, you will also work on decreasing your anxiety.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Attitude Explore what your college degree from Kaplan means to you. Decide what interests you about college and why you have chosen to get your degree. Set your ambition and goals in a constructive direction that will help change your attitude and guide you towards a path of personal success.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Concentration  Try skills to improve concentration like: taking short breaks, removing distractions, establish priorities, eating healthy meals, getting plenty of sleep, and having: Try a comfortable place to study. Try skills to improve concentration like: taking short breaks, removing distractions, establish priorities, eating healthy meals, getting plenty of sleep, and having: Try a comfortable place to study.  Try skills to improve concentration like: taking short breaks, removing distractions, establish priorities, eating healthy meals, getting plenty of sleep, and having: Try a comfortable place to study. Try skills to improve concentration like: taking short breaks, removing distractions, establish priorities, eating healthy meals, getting plenty of sleep, and having: Try a comfortable place to study.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Communication The communication scores confuse many students because they feel they are competent communicators. The communication scale of the LASSI is based on your online communication attitude and your inclinations towards communicating online. It also measures your use of online communication tools. Acclimate yourself with the online communication process by exploring Kaplan, your virtual classrooms, and do not be afraid to post, post, post on those discussion boards.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Information Processing Methods such as SQ3R and the Cornell method of note taking will aid you in improving information processing. Practice: summarizing your work; discovering the main ideas, learning how to paraphrase paragraphs; and dividing data into basic categories and interpretations Methods such as SQ3R and the Cornell method of note taking will aid you in improving information processing. Practice: summarizing your work; discovering the main ideas, learning how to paraphrase paragraphs; and dividing data into basic categories and interpretations

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Motivation Start to set goals for particular projects, discussion boards and seminars. Most importantly, start accepting that personal responsibility begins with YOU. Ensure your improving motivation by keeping a calendar and “To Do” lists. Your assignment goals, deadlines and expectations should be included on your calendar and “To Do” lists. Start to set goals for particular projects, discussion boards and seminars. Most importantly, start accepting that personal responsibility begins with YOU. Ensure your improving motivation by keeping a calendar and “To Do” lists. Your assignment goals, deadlines and expectations should be included on your calendar and “To Do” lists.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Self Testing : Learn how to oversee and understand your comprehension levels of materials. Practice the Forgetting Curve, provided in Doc Sharing, so you are self-testing daily : Learn how to oversee and understand your comprehension levels of materials. Practice the Forgetting Curve, provided in Doc Sharing, so you are self-testing daily

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Selecting the Main Idea Remember, the main idea of a paragraph is usually found in the introduction sentence- the first sentence of the paragraph OR the last sentence- which is the conclusion sentence of a paragraph. Practice paraphrasing paragraphs and pinpointing the main ideas. Remember, the main idea of a paragraph is usually found in the introduction sentence- the first sentence of the paragraph OR the last sentence- which is the conclusion sentence of a paragraph. Practice paraphrasing paragraphs and pinpointing the main ideas.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Each of us has our own learning style, as we learned in Unit 6. Utilize your learning styles to create study aids, which will work best for your particular style. This can include: flash cards, creating categories of information, listening/ reading to your academics while you work out, creating a song that contains your study materials, and/or creating an artistic compilation of your studies. Also, be aware of your resources at Kaplan and at home that you can utilize. Study Aides

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey TIME MANAGEMENT: Scheduling, and the skills behind time management that we cover in Unit 2, are essential for you to be incorporating in your every day life. Start using a schedule; practice saying “no” when it is necessary; remove clutter from your life to help you focus; learn how to handle the distractions in your life; concentrate on how you manage your time to achieve your dreams; and steer clear of procrastination.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Test Strategies Practice techniques and skills we have been focusing on this term to help in preparing you for tests. Test taking strategies and test preparation are areas you should focus on, as well as knowing how to effectively take the different types of test instructors provide (essay, multiple choice, true or false, short answer). Practice techniques and skills we have been focusing on this term to help in preparing you for tests. Test taking strategies and test preparation are areas you should focus on, as well as knowing how to effectively take the different types of test instructors provide (essay, multiple choice, true or false, short answer).

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey UNLOCKING THE KEYS TO SUCCESS  EACH CLASS YOU SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE UNLOCKS ANOTHER PIECE OF YOUR FUTURE. EACH CLASS YOU SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE UNLOCKS ANOTHER PIECE OF YOUR FUTURE.  EACH CLASS YOU SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE UNLOCKS ANOTHER PIECE OF YOUR FUTURE. EACH CLASS YOU SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE UNLOCKS ANOTHER PIECE OF YOUR FUTURE.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey See you next week! Continue working on your final project! Continue working on your final project!

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Making an Arrest Chapter 8

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Introduction “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”  The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Different Notions of an Arrest The official interaction between a peace officer and a suspected law-breaker when the suspect is captured and delivered before the court, or A simple restriction of one’s freedom by and agent of the government Doesn’t require a verbal statement “You’re under arrest” or even Miranda warning Certain constitutional rights are forfeited during arrest Probable cause requirement

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey The Legal Arrest Officer must come to the conclusion that:  a crime has been committed, and  that the suspect is probably the one who committed it. The presence of these elements constitutes the probable cause needed for a legal arrest  The USSC has liberally interpreted the warrant requirement in the constitution  Most arrests follow questioning of a suspect

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Detention Versus Arrest Police intervention can be: Contact  Subject is free to walk away Consensual encounter  Officer may not exert any authority over the subject Investigative detention  Less than an arrest but more than a consensual encounter when a person thinks that he or she cannot just walk away Detention  Suspect is placed under arrest by officer

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Investigatory Stops Terry v. Ohio (1968)  “Terry stops” have three constitutional requirements for an investigative stop to be lawful: 1. The officer must be able to point to objective facts and circumstances that would warrant a reasonable police officer to link the detainee’s conduct with possible criminal activity. 2. The officer must proceed with the investigation as expeditiously as possible, to avoid unnecessarily prolonging the period of involuntary detention. 3. The officer must stay within the narrow investigative boundaries allowed for reasonable suspicion in Terry stop situations. Investigatory stops are allowed on a lower degree of suspicion than arrests. Some investigatory techniques are too intrusive and too much like an arrest to be validated by reasonable suspicion alone.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey During a Terry Stop Officers should avoid: Giving Miranda prior to probably cause Perform frisk without reasonable suspicion Transport detainees or perform acts associated with arrests  Without exigent or reasonable circumstances

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey When Is a Person Under Arrest? The courts have held that a suspect is seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment whenever a law enforcement restricts their freedom to leave  When their liberty is restrained and brought under an officer’s control Either by submission to a show of legal authority or physical restraint. California v. Hodari (1991) County of Riverside v. McLaughlin (1991) Florida v. Bostick (1991)

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Use of Force Our society recognizes three legitimate and responsive forms of force:  The right of self-defense, including the valid taking of another person’s life to protect oneself  The power to control those for whom some responsibility for care and custody has been granted, i.e., an authority figure, such as a prison guard  The institution of a police group that has relatively unrestricted authority to use force as required

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Defining Use of Force Battery  An intentional, nonconsensual bodily contact that a reasonable person would consider harmful Assault  To intentionally put someone in fear of immediate battery or to threaten someone while having the apparent ability to carry out that threat

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Understanding Reasonableness Three key factors used to evaluate an officer’s use of reasonable force:  The severity of the crime committed  Whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the safety of officers or others  Whether the suspect actively resisted arrest or attempted to evade arrest by flight

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Levels of Force Permissible use of force increases with each threat level  Verbalization  Firm grip  Compliance holds  Intermediate force  Deadly force

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Deadly Force Actions of police officers that result in the killing of a person or persons Fleeing-felon rule  Tennessee v. Garner (1985) ruled that for the employment of deadly force by police to be lawful, it must be “reasonable.” Reasonable deadly force is authorized under three circumstances: To prevent an escape when the suspect has threatened an officer with a weapon When there is a threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others If there is probable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical injury and, when practical, some warning has been given by the officer.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey The Deadly Force Triangle Ability  Suspect’s physical capacity to harm an officer or another innocent person Opportunity  Suspect’s potential to use his or her ability to kill or seriously injure Jeopardy  When suspects take advantage of their ability and opportunity to place an officer or another person in imminent physical danger

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Off-Duty Arrests If the crime appears to be one where no one is in immediate jeopardy, the officer is best advised simply to assume the role of a good witness. An arrest should be made when:  The officer is not personally involved  Immediately needed to prevent a crime  The crime would involve a full custodial arrest  The arresting officer possesses appropriate equipment and ID

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Postarrest pProcedures Officers are responsible for the safety of arrestee(s). Officers should conduct a thorough search for drugs and weapons.  Preferably from someone of the same sex of the arrestee(s). All evidence should be documented. Strip searches should not be done in the field except under extreme circumstances.