Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedStrangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Chinese first came to the U.S. during the California gold rush in the 1850s Japanese, Koreans, and Filipinos began to arrive on the West Coast about years later to seek their fortune

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE A major social problem affecting most Asian immigrants through the 1940s was the shortage of Asian women in the U.S.

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES Generally, traditional Asian values emphasize appropriate behavior, strict control of aggressive or assertive impulses, and a self-conscious concern for conduct in the presence of others

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES Uniting the family is the important value of filial piety Elders in the family command respect and obedience

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE CHINESE The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) marked the first time the government enacted a human embargo on a particular race of laborers Expelled from various trades and occupations as well as from many residential areas, Chinese immigrants had no choice but to congregate in Chinatowns

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE CHINESE Stages in the development of Chinatowns Involuntary choice in response to societal prejudice and discrimination Defensive insulation as a protection against racist hostility Voluntary segregation as group consciousness emerges Gradual assimilation, a process markedly slowed by voluntary segregation and social isolation

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE CHINESE Congress ended the ban on immigration from China in 1943

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE JAPANESE The Immigration Law of 1924 specifically barred the Japanese because it denied entry to all aliens ineligible for citizenship

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE JAPANESE Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the subsequent war led to Japanese being removed from their homes and placed in “relocation centers” National security was the primary justification The Supreme Court case Endo v. United States brought an end to this forcible detention

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE FILIPINOS The Filipinos came to the U.S. with a unique status In 1898 the Philippines became a U.S. possession and the inhabitants were considered U.S. nationals

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE FILIPINOS Of every 100 Filipinos coming to California between , 93 were male Since the Immigration Act of 1965, Filipino immigration has been quite high

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE KOREANS Not until the end of the Korean War and the passage of the Refugee Relief Act in 1953 did Koreans emigrate in substantial numbers Almost 70% of the Korean American population identifies itself as Christian

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE VIETNAMESE As the Vietnam War ended, Vietnamese refugees entered the U.S. Immigration from Vietnam remains significant Contributing to Vietnamese immigrants’ adjustment problem was the federal government’s policy of scattering the refugees throughout the U.S.

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE VIETNAMESE Vietnamese have lower labor force participation, median family incomes, higher poverty and unemployment rates, and disproportionate representation in low- skill, low-paying jobs, than most East Asian groups

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 8.5 Social Indicators About Asian-Americans (in percentages) (cont.)

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE MODEL MINORITY STEREOTYPE The Model Minority Stereotype Was first used in 1966 by William Petersen Is misleading and ignores the diversity of the Asian American population Creates a harmful and unrealistic example for the dominant group to use to blame others for their difficulties in achieving success

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN ASSIMILATION Indicators of Successful Assimilation As a group, Asian Americans have the highest median family income, and the lowest poverty rate of all minority groups A greater proportion of Asian immigrants become U.S. citizens than any other immigrant group 55% of all U.S.-born Asian Americans have a non-Asian spouse, reflecting a growing trend

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Functionalist View The Chinese who came in the 19th century fulfilled important economic needs Though racial antagonism existed earlier, economic hard times in the 1870s made the situation worse Economic dysfunctions set off intensified labor antagonism, leading to immigration restriction

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Functionalist View Chinatowns promoted solidarity and offered a social network for interaction in a hostile white society The Japanese, Korean, and Filipino farm laborers helped agriculture expand and prosper; dysfunctions triggered negative actions against these three groups Cultural traditions and family cohesiveness have been positive functions easing the adjustment into U.S. society

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Conflict View When employers needed inexpensive alien labor, they recruited it and reaped the profits When times turned bad, those with power used intergroup ethnic antagonisms to divide the working class and thereby protect their interest

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Conflict View As black, white, and Hispanic workers treat Asian Americans as the enemy, the real culprits are those who benefit most—the sweatshop employers, the corporations that avoid capital-modernization expenditures to maximize profits, and the U.S. based multinational corporations that establish factories in low-income countries, marketing their products in the U.S. and elsewhere for higher profits