The New Nation Chapter 6

1789 The first presidency Washington runs unopposed for President Washington runs unopposed for President Inaugurated April 30 th 1789 in New York Inaugurated April 30 th 1789 in New York John Adams comes in second place V.P. John Adams comes in second place V.P. Thomas Jefferson is chosen as Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson is chosen as Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton is chosen as Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton is chosen as Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox is chosen as Secretary of War Henry Knox is chosen as Secretary of War Edmund Randolph is chosen as Attorney General Edmund Randolph is chosen as Attorney General

1789 The first presidency No precedent to follow No precedent to follow Constitution did not provide specific guidelines for the presidency Constitution did not provide specific guidelines for the presidency All members of the Executive Branch were unsure about day to day operations All members of the Executive Branch were unsure about day to day operations

Judiciary Act of 1789 Defined the positions of the Supreme Court Defined the positions of the Supreme Court Established a Federal Court system Established a Federal Court system Created an appeal process for state court decisions Created an appeal process for state court decisions First test of Checks and Balances…how?

Creating an economy Problem: The national government was responsible for 2/3 of the public debt; the states 1/3 Solution: Feds establish a national bank Feds establish a national bank Feds takes on all the debt Feds takes on all the debt Feds issue new bonds to states and individuals Feds issue new bonds to states and individuals States and individuals would slowly pay interest off the bonds States and individuals would slowly pay interest off the bonds How did this strengthen the Federal Government?

Whiskey rebellion 1794: National government issues a tax on whiskey National government issues a tax on whiskey Whiskey producers in PA rebelled Whiskey producers in PA rebelled Washington sends 15,000 militia to stop the rebellion Washington sends 15,000 militia to stop the rebellion Why did Hamilton see this as a way to assert the new governments authority?

Federalists vs. Republicans Leader: Hamilton HamiltonFocus: Strong central government Strong central government Commercial businesses Commercial businessesLeader: Jefferson JeffersonFocus: Strong state governments Strong state governments Farmers/small businesses Farmers/small businesses

The first presidency’s Foreign Policy 1793: Washington’s neutrality declaration 1793: Washington’s neutrality declaration – U.S. would not get involved in France’s war with England 1794: Jay’s treaty 1794: Jay’s treaty – U.S. expands trade into the Caribbean islands 1795: Pinckney’s treaty 1795: Pinckney’s treaty – U.S. takes control of all land east of Mississippi – U.S. is allowed to use Mississippi River for trading – U.S. controls Florida

Discuss the Impact What impact did the following events have on America and on future events? – Creation of the two party system – Hamilton’s economic plan – Washington’s position of neutrality – Washington’s conduct as president

The presidency of John Adams Significant events: Significant events: Election of 1796 Election of 1796 XYZ Affair XYZ Affair Alien & Sedition Acts Alien & Sedition Acts Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions How did they impact the Adams presidency? How did they impact the Adams presidency?

Election of 1796 First political battle between Federalists & Republicans Adams (Fed.) defeats Jefferson (Rep.) Problem??

XYZ Affair Is this a victory or defeat for Adams?

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 Federalists in Congress allow the president to: 1. Raise residency requirements from 5 yrs to 14 yrs 2.Deport anyone he considers a threat to America 3.Fine or jail any person voices opposition to the government What does this violate?

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions VA & KY also claim the right declare any law of the federal government null and void Can they do this?

The 1800 Election The 1800 Election Candidates: John Adams (Fed) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Rep.) Popular vote: Jefferson defeats Adams Electoral vote: Jefferson ties Burr House vote: Hamilton persuades House to vote for Jefferson…Burr becomes V.P. Result: 12 th amendment Indirect result: ??

The Jeffersonian Presidency ( )

Thomas Jefferson Presidential v. Presidential Philosophy Actions

The Jeffersonian Presidency ( ) Philosophy on government… Philosophy on states’ rights… Philosophy on economics…

The Jeffersonian Presidency ( ) Actions: Reduced federal military spending Cut the budget and reduced the national debt Issued the Embargo of 1807 – What: National ban on all imports and exports – Why: Keep America neutral & end impressments by the British – Impact?

Louisiana Purchase (1803) Who? A hesitant Jefferson & Napoleon What? A land purchase of $15 million from the French Where? A tributary lands feeding into the Mississippi Effect? Jefferson orders the Lewis & Clark expedition to study the West Long-term Effect?

Clark Lewis

Thomas Jefferson Presidential v. Presidential Philosophy Actions

Marbury vs. Madison (1803) Problem: Adams appoints Federalists to fill judicial positions before he leaves office Cause: Jefferson to halt appointments William Marbury goes to the Supreme court to challenge Jefferson

Marbury vs. Madison Ruling: 1.Supreme Court cannot stop Jefferson 2.Supreme Court gives itself the power of Judicial Review

“It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty. If then the courts are to regard the constitution; and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply.

War of 1812 How did the following lead to war? Impressments Attack on U.S. Chesapeake Calhoun & Clay’s war hawks

Major Events of the War of 1812 Tippecanoe (1811) William Henry Harrison led Americans to victory against British and Native American forces Declaration of war (June 1812) President James Madison declares war on Britain

Washington D.C. (August 1814) British invade and Burn down the city Major Events of the War of 1812

Baltimore (Sept. 1814) British invade the Harbor Attack at North Point and Hampstead Hill Americans defend against 25 hour attack at Fort McHenry British are forced to retreat from the Chesapeake Bay Why was Baltimore an important target for the British? Major Events of the War of 1812

Battle of Baltimore,

The Star Spangled Banner Who was Francis Scott Key? What was his role in the War of 1812?

Treaty of Ghent (1814) Ending the fighting between U.S. & Britain Confirmed American Independence New Orleans (Jan. 1815) News of peace had not reached New Orleans Andrew Jackson and 4,000 Americans defeats a British force of 10,000 Major Events of the War of 1812