Stankiewicz

  What are the historical overview and purposes of Criminal Corrections in the US?  What are the trends of use for incarceration in the US?  What are the common types of incarceration facilities in the US?  What are some of the characteristics and issues related to the incarcerated in the US?  What are some procedures that institutions employ to maintain security and order in confinement facilities? Criminology Corrections Essential Questions

  European background  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________  In US until 1800s Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 1

  Before 1600s institutional corrections (putting behind bars) was used mainly for:  ________________________________________________  Holding prisoners awaiting sentencing; such as death  _______________________________________________  Punishing slaves  _______________________________________________  Quarantining diseased persons Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 2

  Before modern incarceration  Basic goal:  _______________________  Punishments in public  _______________________ Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 3

  Today’s purpose of incarceration:  Change the offender’s character  ______________________________________________ Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 4

  Forerunner (before) incarceration  __________________________________________  Transportation to colonies  Workhouses  ________________________________ ___________________________________ Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 5

  _______________________________________________  Three early reformers:  Cesare Beccaria ( )  John Howard ( )  Jeremy Bentham ( ) Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 6

 Cesare Beccaria ( )  Wrote: On Crimes and Punishment (1764)  _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________  Punishments must fit crimes  Punishments must be severe enough to outweigh the pleasure of committing the crime  _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

 John Howard ( )  Wrote: The State of Prisons in England (1777)  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Appalled by overcrowding, poor living conditions and abusive practices

  Stated that penal systems must be safe and orderly  Incarceration should do more than just punish offender  ________________________________________________ John Howard (Continued)

  Howard proposed:  Prisons should have an orderly routine  _____________________________________________  Hard work  _________________________________________  Think about what offender did wrong (penance)  Used the term “______________________________” for prisons John Howard (Continued)

 Jeremy Bentham ( )  Remembered for his idea that reform and order could be achieved in prison through architectural design  ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

 Penology and Panopticon Design definitions  Penology:  ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________  Panopticon Design  _____________________ consisting of a round building with tiers of cells lining the inner circumference and facing a central inspection tower

 Panopticon Design

  Colonial America  Penal practices loose, decentralized & unsystematic  Often retaliation against wrong doing  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________  Local jails scattered about  Holding tanks mostly until other disposition US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 1

 US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 2  William Penn (Prison Reformer)  Founder of Pennsylvania and Quaker  _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________  Ideas were largely ignored because Colonial America had no centralized penal system

  US developments in penology  ______________________________________________  Reformatory Movement  ______________________________________________  20 th century Prison characteristics US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 3

  Penitentiary  Penance for crimes  ________________________________________________  During sentence for crime:  Inmates labor in solitary confinement  _______________________________________________ Penitentiary Movement - 1

  _______________________________________________  Auburn System  Competing systems of confinement Two Systems within the Penitentiary Movement

 Pennsylvania System  Sometimes called the _____________________ _____________________  Inmates are kept in solitary cells so they could study religious writing, reflect on their misdeeds, and perform _____________________

  Named after Auburn (NY) Penitentiary  _______________________________________________  Inmates worked and ate together in silence during the day and were placed in solitary confinement at night  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Auburn System

 Auburn System - 2  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Allowed inmates to be housed in smaller cells  Allowed factory like production  ____________________

  Few signs that penitentiaries were deterring crime  ______________________________________________  Reforming criminals?  Little evidence of this  Prisons were actually costing more  Lead to a reform movement in Penitentiary System Both systems

  Started about 1870 at meeting of National Prison Association  New type of institution designed  ________________________________________________ Reformatory Movements

  Less hardened criminals housed in it  16 – 30 years old  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Emphasized academics and vocational training The Reformatory

 Elmira (NY) Reformatory Exercise Yard

  _______________________________________________  Recorded inmates progress toward rehabilitation  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ The Reformatory - 2

  Changed sentencing from “determinate sentences” to “indeterminate sentences”  ___________________________________________  Exact years for crime  Example 10 years for robbery  _______________________________________________  Range of years for crime  Example 5 to 12 for robbery The Reformatory - 3

  Officials observed that indeterminate sentences and probability of parole facilitated greater control over inmates than determinate sentences  Inmates will cooperate if they can get out earlier  _______________________________________________  ________________________________________________ The Reformatory - 4

  Until reform age women go to men’s prisons but are segregated  1 st Women’s prison 1873 Institutions for Women - 1

 Institutions for Women - 2  Most had cottages or campus facilities as opposed to cell blocks  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Not like that now

 Women feeding chickens at the Indiana Women’s Prison

  Three types of Institutions emerged in the 20 th Century  _______________________________________________  Correctional Institution/Medical Model  Contemporary Violent Prison US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 20 th Century Prisons

 US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – The Big House  ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________  Stacks of 3 or 4 tiers of one – two man cells  Average Big House held 2500 men  s most popular

 The Big House - 2

 The Big House - 3  Sing Sing prison in NY

 The Big House - 4  Alcatraz  Closed 1963

  Not new prisons  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Warehouses oriented toward custody and control of inmates The Big House - 5

 The Big House - 6  Maine state prison in Thomaston, Maine

  Exploited inmate labor (according to text) through various links to local free market economy  North  _____________________________________________  South  ______________________________________________ The Big House - 7

 US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Prison Farms  Popular in South  Angola (LA) State Prison

  Correctional Institution/Medical Model  1940s – on  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Did not replace the “Big House”  Simply supplemented them  Developed into the medical model US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US s onward

 US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Correctional Institutions  Windham Correctional Center, Windham Maine

  Theory of institutional corrections  Popular s  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – The Medical Model -1

  Shortly after sentencing, inmates are given psychological assessment and diagnosis  Treatment based on this to rehabilitate offender  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ The Medical Model - 2

  After institutional treatment comes parole (if successful)  Follow-up treatment in community  ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________  ______________________________________________  Book contends this is not used today. Unsure if book is correct The Medical Model - 3

  Book contends by 1960s effectiveness of coerced prison programming was challenged  Contemporary Violent Prison arose  Many treatment programs gone  Power vacuum in prison rose  _______________________________________________  Prison is crime school; no rehabilitation US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Contemporary Violent Prison

  _______________________________________________  Government looks for alternatives to traditional incarceration  _______________________________________________ US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Privatization of Corrections - 1

  Insolvent of the private sector in construction of prisons is big money  Can private enterprise do the corrections job cheaper and more efficiently  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Privatization of Corrections - 2

 Privatization Advantages (According to text)  Private facilities open more quickly than public facilities  Construction costs are less to the taxpayer  Operations are more effective cost wise  ______________________  Correctional services delivered by private correction firms are more cost effective  Less legal liability for the government if private firm does job  Changes are made faster in private sector than public  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

  Should government cede their correctional responsibilities to a private company?  Your view? Privatization Disadvantages (According to text)

  Placement of offenders in facilities patterned after military boot camps  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Without extensive criminal records US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Shock Incarceration - 1

 Shock Incarceration - 2  Inmates wait to eat lunch at the Moriah Shock Incarceration Correctional Facility in Mineville, N.Y.  Corrections officials say they have graduated more than 40,000 inmates from military-style boot camps over the past 25 years and most never come back

 Shock Incarceration - 3

 Shock Incarceration - 4  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Subject to strict military style program of work, physical fitness, conditioning and discipline  Much like military boot camp  Not fun

  Organizational and administrative structure of institutional corrections is decentralized  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Legislative and judicial branches of each also involved Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 1

  Federal Government maintains its own system  States maintain their own system  There is an interrelationship between the two  Federal requirements affect operation of state prisons  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 2

  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  BOP’s mission is to “protect society by confining offenders in controlled environments of prisons and community-based facilities that are safe, humane, and appropriately secure, and that provide work and other self-improvement opportunities to assist offenders in becoming law-abiding citizens”  Bureaus central office is Washington DC Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 3

  Classification Facilities  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Classification Facilities

  The most common general type of prison in US  Distinguished from one another by “SECURITY LEVEL”  Security Level  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons

  The classification of an _________________________ to indicate the degree of precaution that needs to be taken when working with that inmate  Different from security level which is for institutions Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US – Custody Level

  Institution’s security Level is determined by  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________  The measures taken to preserve internal security within the institution Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - 2

  Maximum – Security facilities: 8.6 %  Supermaximum Security.9%  Medium –Security facilities: 33.6%  Between maximum and medium: 11.2%  Minimum-Security facilities: 37.3%  Unclassified or other: 8.3%  As of Sep 2005 Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Men’s Prisons - 3

  Very tight external and internal security  ______________________________________________  Motion detectors  The stereotypical prison  ______________________________________________ Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Maximum Security

  _______________________________________________  Very expensive to maintain  Problem inmates  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  After three years a successful inmate can gradually regain social contact Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - SuperMaximum Security

 Supermax Florence Colorado

  The Colorado Supermax is only used for very worst offenders, often those who have killed fellow inmates at other facilities  Prisoners are kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day Supermax Florence Colorado

 1. Typical cell sized 7ft x 12ft (3.5x2m) with small slit window  2. Shower works on timer  3. Small black and white TV showing educational programs (some prisoners only)  4. Heavy duty steel door or grate  5. Writing desk  6. Toilet which shuts off if blocked  7. Sink  8. Steel mirror, rather than smashable glass

  Fewer restrictions on internal movement  _______________________________________________  Relatively few cells  Typically no external walls  _______________________________________________ Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Medium Security

 Typical Medium Security Prison from outside

  BOP operates low-security facilities  _______________________________________________  Double fenced perimeters  Dormitory housing  _______________________________________________ Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Low Security Facility

 Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons – Minimum Security Facility  _________________________  Inmates usually there after proving good behavior elsewhere  Often there are no fences but not always  _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

 Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Women’s Prisons  10 percent of the prisons  Smaller  ____________________  Different needs

  House both male and female inmates  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Usually small and security is minimum Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US – Cocorrectional Facilities

  Lockup very short term holding facility  hours  Jail  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________  Excluding lockups there are more jails in the US than any other confinement facility (3-4K) Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Jails and Lockups

  ______________________________________________  Some of their functions  Receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them awaiting trial  Hold mentally ill persons pending movement to appropriate facilities  _______________________________________________  Transfer of inmates  Many more (see page 367 of text) Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Jails

  Over past 200 years US has developed a strong tradition of using prisons to control crime  Has not always been a good solution  ________________________________________________  Much more money spent on building facilities than programs for criminals  ________________________________________________ Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US - 1

  Polarization of beliefs about Prisoners  ___________________________________________  Your opinion? Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US - 2

  88 percent of all prisoners are state prisoners  12 percent federal  ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________  Large proportion had not completed high school, under 35, and never married  Federal prisoners are more likely to be married and have a higher education level  Statistics as of end of 2005 Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Inmate Characteristics - 1

  Imprisonment rate for men was 929 per 100,000  Imprisonment rate for women was 65 per 100,000  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Many had low paying jobs  Statistics as of end of 2005 Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Inmate Characteristics - 2

 Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Offenses Percentage of Inmates  Violent Offenses – 51.8%  Murder 12.1 %  Rape 4.9%  Other sexual assault 7%  Robbery 14.1 %  Assault 9.9%  Manslaughter 1.4%  Other violent offenses 2.5%  Public Order Offenses 6.9%  Other/Unspecified Offenses.5% As of 2003  Drug Offenses  State inmates– 20%  Federal inmates - 54%  Property offenses 20.9%  Burglary 11%  Larceny 3.9%  Motor theft 1.6%  Fraud 2.4%  Other property crimes 1.9%

  Institutions are like miniature societies  _______________________________________________  All institutions maintain a wide range of security measures Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 1

  Methods  Classification of inmates  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________  Certain inmates are given special custody designations that distinguish them from general population  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 2

  Protective Custody  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________  Administrative Segregation  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 3

 Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 4  Routine searches  ___________________  Drugs  Contraband of any sort  Mail and Phone monitoring  _____________________

  Treatment of inmates with special needs  ______________________________________________ Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 5

 Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - Inmate Rehabilitation Programs  Self improvement programs offered by religious and civic groups  AA, Bible clubs  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Crisis intervention  _____________________  Designed to improve inmates work habits  Education and vocational training  Rehabilitation effort  Better skills, more chance of success on outside

  Prison is a Total Institution  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Living in Prison - 1

  Although prisons are influenced by outside society they __________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________  A society in prison has its _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Central to inmate society is the “Convict Code” Living in Prison - 2

 Living in Prison – The Convict Code  A set of values, norms and roles that regulate the way inmates interact with one another and the prison staff  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Examples:  An inmate should mind their own business and do their own time  _______________________ _______________________ _______________________  _____________________ to fellow inmates not guards or staff

  Prisonization:  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Longer in prison more _________________________ to adapt once outside  Leads to high return to prison rate Result of Prison Society - Prisonization

 Major Theories Concerning the Origins of Inmate Society  Deprivation Theory  Inmate society arises as a response to the prison environment and _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Importation Theory  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _______________ by the attitudes inmates bring with them when they enter prison

  Fractured  Violent  _____________________________________________  Lots of victimization Inmate Society - 1

 Inmate Society - 2  Has a subculture economy  ______________________________________________  Secret exchanges  ______________________________________________

  Usually not as __________________________________  _______________________________________________  More immediate family concerns Life in Women’s Prison

 Life in Prison – Correctional Officers  Lots of stress  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Some places a high turn-over rate

  For past few decades efforts to reform prisons has been through the courts  Habeas Corpus:  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Inmate Rights and Prison Reform

 Inmate Rights and Prison Reform - 2  Inmates have 1st Amendment Rights  Free Speech  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________  Religious Freedom  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

 Inmate Rights and Prison Reform - 3  Inmates have 8th Amendment Rights  _____________________  Protection from staff brutality  Adequate facilities  _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

  93% of all inmates eventually get released from prison  Inmates are released in a number of ways  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Finishing out sentence  _______________________________________________  Parole Prison Release and Recidivism

  Reduction of original sentence given by an executive authority usually a _____________________________ Commutation

  The conditional release of prisoners before they have served ______________________________________ Parole

 Good Time  ____________________________________________ from an inmate’s sentence for good behavior and meritorious activities in prison

  A method of prison release under which an inmate is released after serving a legally required portion of his or her sentence, minus good time credits Mandatory Release

  A sentence in which the offender, rather than being _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  Required to abide by certain rules and conditions to avoid incarceration Probation

  The return to illegal activity after release from incarceration  _______________________________________________  How do you succeed in society with a prison record? Recidivism

  Lots of stuff to know  Page 386 of your book has a summary recap of chapter 10 Summary