Chapter 7 sec 2 Economic and Social Crisis

European $Economic$ issues From 1560 to 1650, Europe experienced economic and social crises. A major economic problem throughout Europe was inflation, and by 1600 an economic slowdown had hit Europe. Inflation which is a rise in prices. By 1620, the population of Europe began to decline due to warfare, plague, and famine. Question: Why might an influx of currency raise prices ?

Economics •I n f l a t i o n - • Causes: • Rising Prices • Causes: • More Gold and Silver came from the Americas • Growing Population Required increased demand (Land / Food) Answer: the more money people spend the more completion there is among buyers for products, so sellers are able to raise prices and still sell successfully.

The Witch Trials During the early 1600s, the zeal behind the Inquisition focused on witchcraft in many parts of Europe. Possibly 100,000 people were charged with witch craft 75% of these accused were women, mostly single, widowed or over 50 Accused witches were tortured until they confessed of being a witch. Video By 1650, the witchcraft hysteria lessened as attitudes of governments & individuals changed regarding superstition.

The 30 year war Religious disputes continued in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 because the peace settlement didn’t recognize Calvinism. “The last of the religious wars” The battles took place on German soil. Germany was destroyed

Religion, politics, & territory all played a role in the Thirty Years’ War. The war began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1618 as a fight between the Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors & Protestant nobles in Bohemia. Every major European nation got involved in the war except England. The most important struggle pitted France against Spain & the Holy Roman Empire.

The 30 year war A different type of war • Technology The Thirty Years’ War was the most destructive ever in Europe due to improved weapons & larger armies. • Read P. 218 “The Changing Face of War” • How did the invention of gunpowder change the way wars were fought? The flintlock musket was fitted with a bayonet. Standing armies- 1700 France 400,000

The Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia ended the war. Said all German states Could determine their own religion. The states that made up the holy roman empire became independent states. France emerged as the dominate nation in Europe. October 24 1648

* After the Thirty Years’ War, Austria & Prussia emerged in the 17th & 18th centuries as great powers. During the 1700s, the two began battling for control of the German states. * The Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia united their lands by taking over the states between them and imposing royal power on all their subjects. * Frederick William the Great Elector established the Commissariat in Prussia to oversee both the military and the civilian government. * The Austrian Hapsburgs created a new empire in eastern & southeastern Europe. * The Hapsburgs were not truly absolute rulers, but they did expand their control over a large territory that includes the present-day nations of Austria, Hungary, & the Czech Republic.

Revolutions in England revolution (noun)- 1: a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system. See note at uprising . ( the Revolution) the American Revolution. BrAIN StORM What are some issues that would you to a revolution?

English revolution • Political System in England (16th Century) • Monarch (King / Queen) • Parliament Struggle for power to governed England

* The Tudor dynasty in England ended with Elizabeth’s death in 1603. The Stuart king of Scotland, James I, ascended to the throne believing -The divine Right of Kings – The idea that Kings Received all their power from God.-This means they are responsible only to God - not the people • Parliament- Did not think that Kings had all this power • King + Parliament should rule Religion was also an issue Puritans , one group of English Calvinists, disagreed with the king’s defense of the Church of England, wanting it to be more protestant Many puritans served in the House of Commons, which is the lower house of Parliament, which gave them power.

Growing Conflict Conflict between king and Parliament came to a head under Charles I. ( James I’s son) Took over as King after James I Died In 1628, •Parliament passed a law that PROHIBITED the King from raising taxes without the CONSENT of Parliament. Charles I agreed to the Petition of Rights but then changed his mind Charles also tried to add rituals to the protestant church services. This was to much like Catholicism to the puritans. This is why hundreds of puritans fled to the American colonies to escape the religious policies of Charles I

Civil War broke out in 1642 between the Cavaliers (king’s supporters) and the Roundheads (supporters of Parliament). Parliament won, mainly because of the New Model Army of its leader & military genius, Oliver Cromwell. Much of his army was made up of extreme puritans called the independents, who believed they were doing battle for God. Cromwell purged Parliament of anyone who had not supported him. The remainder of Parliament executed Charles I in 1649. Parliament abolished the monarchy & declared England a commonwealth- a republic ( a form of democracy )

Cromwell’s Commonwealth Cromwell ruled as military dictator until his death in 1658. In 1660, Parliament restored the monarchy & Charles II took the throne. But parliament kept much of the power it had gained. Parliament restored the Church of England as the state religion and restricted some rights of Catholics and Puritans. • This was called the RESTORATION

A new King of England In 1685, James II, a devout Catholic, became king. He promoted Catholics to highest positions in government, armed forces and universities. Conflict Brewing ___Parliament did not want James’s son to gain the throne. * In 1688, a group of English noblemen invited Mary (James’ daughter) and her husband, William of Orange, ( Dutch leader) , to invade England. They raised an army and invaded England, the king and his family fled. - This will be known as the “Glorious Revolution”

-Why so Glorious? because there was no bloodshed 1689 Parliament offered the Throne to William and Mary They had to accept the Bill of Rights Parliament had the ability to make laws and lay taxes This Bill of rights did 2 things: Search your textbook for them

Changes in W & M sign a Bill of Rights 1.helped create a government based on the rule of law. 2. Gave them a freely elected Parliament. -created a constitutional monarchy (UK’s government today) -a system of government based on laws (not kings)

The toleration Act of 1689 This gave Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship. Few English citizens were persecuted for religious freedom By deposing one king and establishing another, parliament had destroyed the divine right theory of kingship.

Quick Review • Big IDEA - What was the #1 thing you need to know from Section 2 of chapter 7? • Name 5 items in Europe that lead to crisis. • How would Europe Respond to all this Crisis? • Preview Chapter 7 Section 3