西方文明史 第十五講： 英法百年戰爭 劉 慧 教授 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 1

England in the Late Middle Ages 2

French territories lost lands 1259 Treaty of Paris Hundred Years War Edward III: Gascony; French throne 1360 Treaty of Brétigny 2.Henry V: Normandy (madness of Charles VI of France) 1420 Treaty of Troyes 3.Henry VI: Joan of Arc; Duke of Burgundy; building French national consciousness 1475 Treaty of Picquigny Wars of the Roses Edward IV seized the throne Earl of Warwick and HVI’s readeption Richard III’s usurpation Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI , Edward IV , Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII

Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI /70-1 Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII Henry III, Attempts to recover overseas inheritance – 1230, 1242 – 1259 Treaty of Paris gave up claims to Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Poitou – Procrastination by officials of Louis IX; jurisdiction 4

Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI /70-1 Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII Edward I, At war with Wales (1280s), Scotland (1290s), France (1294) – Wales 1282: castles, shires. – Scotland: the ‘Great Cause’ – Flanders: August 1294 Anglo-Flemish treaty – May 1294 Philip IV confiscated Gascony Feudal overlord From great council to Parliament – Petition, legislation, taxation 5 Scotland IRELAND U.K. WALE S NORTHERN IRELAND

Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI /70-1 Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII Edward II Favourite no. 1: Piers Gaveston (d.1312) The Ordinances of 1311 only parliament could declare war, allow the king to leave the country, give out royal lands and appoint the chief officials Civil war Edward won. Favourite no.2: Hugh Despenser (d.1326) 1326 Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer killed EII and controlled government till 1330 Household government; patronage 6

Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI /70-1 Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII Edward III The Hundred Years War – Gascony, Flanders, the French Crown – Battles of Crécy 1346, Calais and Poitiers 1356 – 1360 Treaty of Brétigny France recovered much that had been lost; Alice Perrers 1376 the ‘Good Parliament’ – Impeachment ‘War state’ – Justice of the Peace – The king’s largesse, love of tournaments, achievements in war led to genial relations with the political community 7

Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI /70-1 Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII Richard II Son of the Black Prince, aged 10 in 1377 ‘Your Majesty’; exalted idea of kingship France: negotiations and truce – Charles VI’s ( ) bouts of madness Uncle John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster – His son Henry Bolingbroke was banished from the realm for 10 years in 1398 – 1399 John died; lands were seized by the king – Henry Bolingbroke’s coup 8

Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI /70-1 Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII Henry IV Many regarded the Lancastrians as usurpers – 7-year-old Edmund Mortimer, earl of March – Magnate rebellions 1400, 03, 04, 08 9

Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI /70-1 Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII Henry V Agincourt; 1419 overran Normandy – To gain land on a permanent basis – ‘we happy few, we band of brothers’ – Illness of Charles VI ( ) – The Duke of Burgundy came out openly on the English side 1420 the Treaty of Troyes: the French king appointed Henry V as heir – 1422 first Henry V and then Charles VI died within 6 weeks of one another – 9-month-old son became king of England and France 10

Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI /70-1 Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Henry VII Henry VI , Joan of Arc – year-old Joan started hearing voices – 1429 galvanised the Dauphin Charles VII – 1429 siege of Orleans – A few days after her arrival, the English retreated – a strategic move interpreted as a victory inspired by the Maid – 1430 Joan was captured 1435 Duke Philip of Burgundy and King Charles VII made their peace – 1436 Paris fell – 1450 Normandy fell – Gascony fell 1453 only Calais remained to the English Illness and court factions: the York-Beaufort feud 11

12 版權聲明 頁碼作品授權條件來源 / 作者 3-4 Fordham University ( ， visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 3-4 、 7 Fordham University ( ， visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 3 Fordham University ( ， visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 5 Wiki Voyage / Paul ( ， visited. 5 《 Braveheart 》， Mel Gibson (Director) ， August 29, 2000 。 Amazon( ， visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。

13 頁碼作品授權條件來源 / 作者 5 Flickr / sunshine35114 ( ， visited. 9 國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉 慧 教授。 10 World History at YHS / davidpearldog ( ， visited. 11 Flickr / Hatters! ( ， visited. 11 Flickr / Fixeche ( ， visited.