CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS “I CAN’T IMAGINE A PERSON BECOMING A SUCCESS WHO DOESN’T GIVE THIS GAME OF LIFE EVERYTHING HE’S GOT.” WALTER KRONKITE

CELL STRUCTURE – SEE TABLE 3-1 PAGE 38 MEMMLER PLASMA MEMBRANE NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM SURFACE ORGANELLES CELLULAR DIVERSITY

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS NUCLEIC ACIDS – DNA, RNA DNA – CHROMOSOMES IN THE NUCLEUS ◦ADENINE (A) ◦THYMINE (T) ◦GUANINE (G) ◦CYTOSINE (C) ◦DOUBLE HELIX W/ H+ BONDS RNA – IN CYTOPLASM (Mrna, Rrna, Trna) ◦ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE ◦THYMINE IS REPLACED BY URACIL (U) ◦SINGLE STRAND

Build a protein strand EVERYBODY UP!!!! WE ARE GOING TO BUILD A STRAND OF PROTEIN

CELL DIVISION MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELEPHASE ROLE OF THE CENTROMERES

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES SEE TABLE 3-4 PAGE 49 PASSIVE MOVEMENT ◦SIMPLE DIFFUSION ◦OSMOSIS ◦FILTRATION ◦FACILITATED DIFFUSION ACTIVE TRANSPORT ◦NEED PROTEIN ‘GATE KEEPERS’ ◦SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY ◦ENDOCYTOSIS – PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS ◦EXOCYTOSIS

TONICITY ISOTONIC – SAME SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AS OUR BODY (0.9% NS) HYPOTONIC – LESS SOLUTE IN SOLUTION THAN OUR BODY; FREES UP WATER TO GO TO CELL; TOO MUCH = HEMOLYSIS (0.45% NaCl) HYPERTONIC – MORE SOLUTE THAN OUR BODY; PULLS WATER TOWARD IT; TOO MUCH DEHYDRATED CELL = CRENATION (3% NaCl)

ORGANELLES Golgi apparatus – the “UPS” of the cell; packages the items for transport in and out of the cell Mitochondria – the “Mighty” power house that makes energy (ATP) from the glucose Lysomes – clean up the cell waste (garbage men); think Lysol Centrioles – necessary for reproduction Peroxisomes – Clean up hazardous material (HAZ MAT team)

ORGANELLES – CONT’D Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – makes and packages fats Rough endoplasmic reticulum – makes proteins Ribosomes – make proteins Vacuoles – empty cargo containers Vesicles – carrier of solutes within the cell; could be storage or for movement to cell side for exocytosis

CELL AGING AND CANCER RISKS LIMITED NUMBER OF CELL DIVISIONS MUTATIONS CAN OCCUR DURING DIVISION THESE MUTATIONS MAY CAUSE A CELL TO DIVIDE FOREVER RISK FACTORS: HEREDITY (BRACA1), CHEMICAL EXPOSURE, IONIZING RADIATION (XRAYS, SUN), PHYSICAL IRRITATION, DIET, VIRUSES (HPV)

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CYT/O- MICR/O- BI- -SOME, SOM/A- CHROM/O- END/O- LYS/O- INTER-

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CYT/O- MICR/O- BI- -SOME, SOM/A- CHROM/O- END/O- LYS/O- INTER- PRO- META- ANA- TEL/E- SEMI- PHAG/O- PIN/O- EX/O- ISO- HYPO- HYPER- CARCIN/O- -GEN