Eightfold Way (old model) GELL MANN - NISHIJIMA FORMULA RELATING CHARGE TO ISOSPIN Q = I3 + ½(B + S) B = baryon number, S = strangeness Q = charge (in units of e, the electronic charge) Y = B + S was called hypercharge. I3 = “z component” of ISOSPIN

Iso-Spin It was discovered that particles with approximately the same mass, and the same (ordinary) spin existed in “charge multiplets”: p and n  I3 = ½, - ½ (a doublet) ∏+ ∏- ∏0  I3 = 1, -1, 0 (a triplet) number of states = 2I +1

quark triplets Gell-Mann and others proposed that one might build all the experimentally observed particles from just three quarks: the up, the down and the strange. One way to “build” the particles is to think of the quarks as vectors in a two dimensional “imagined” space with Y along the vertical axis and I3 along the horizontal axis. The quark triplet is shown on the next slide.

The Quark Triplet Q = I3 + ½(B + S) Y=B+S -1/3 I3 - -2/3 -

8-fold way plots One can generate particle multiplets by adding the u, d and s vectors in this two dimensional space. Adding three (e.g. u + d + s ) vectors will generate multiplets with 10, 8, 8 and 1 particles, called decuplets, octets and singlets. The decuplet is shown on the next slide.

I3 You can build 10 particles out of three quarks. Note I3 symmetry.

Try it yourself!

baryon decuplet

Real, physical particles were found to match the baryon decuplet properties: all have spin = 3/2 and about the same mass

baryon octet

Experimentally discovered particles “matched” the baryon octet properties: all have spin = ½ and about the same mass

building mesons One can build mesons from quarks by adding quark and anti-quark vectors. The anti-quark vector is just a vector pointing in the opposite direction. Adding vectors in this way results in one octet (8 particles) and a singlet (one particle). A plot of the meson octet is shown in the next slide.

meson octet: 8-fold way plot

Experimentally discovered particles “matched” the meson octet properties: all have spin = 0 and about the same mass

Comments The 8-fold way “cataloged” for the first time the particles w.r.t. spin, mass, charge, using quarks as the constituent elementary particle. While the physical SU(3) symmetry which generated the model is only approximate, mathematical SU(3) models later took on a special importance. Gell-Mann won a Nobel Prize for his 8-fold way model.