RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Service Sector Demand R S Deshpande, K V Raju and A Narayanamoorthy

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ ScenarioYear 2010 Year 2025 Year 2050 Low Demand – Total Surface Water Ground Water High Demand – Total Surface Water Ground Water National Water Requirements for Domestic &Municipal Use (Quantity in km 3 )

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ TWO PROBLEMS first, the availability of data on exact water use in different components of the service sector is quite fragmentary. Second, this is a sector is changing extremely rapidly and has location, both in peri-urban as well as in rural areas. That makes the best sensible assumptions fragile.

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Normative Approach Various standards have been suggested for estimating water requirement for human use. Gleick (1997) has estimated 50 litres per capita per day (lpcd) as the basic human need. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has suggested a target of 200-lpcd water supplies in urban areas. A variety of factors affect water use in rural and urban areas especially in service sector. These include population size of a habitat, economic status, commercial and manufacturing activities. The Manual on Water Supply and Treatment (1976) by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) prescribed norms varying between 70 and 200 lpcd for urban areas

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Contd… The Eighth Five Year Plan ( ) adopted the following norms for water supply: a) 125 lpcd for urban areas where piped water supply and underground sewerage system are available. b) 70 lpcd for urban areas provided with piped water supply but without underground sewerage. c)4 lpcd for towns with spot-sources/stand posts with one standpost for 200 families with a maximum walking distance of 10 metres.

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Assessment of Domestic Water Requirement Scenario Population and rate of urbanization High Water Requirement Population as per Visaria & Visaria and high rate of urbanization Low Water Requirement Population as per UN low variant and low rate of urbanization

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Sl. No. ReferenceAll India Population in Year Natarajan (1993)* United Nations – 1994 Revision ** a. Low variant b. Middle Variant c. High Variant Registrar General of India (1996) # Visaria & Visaria (Standard) 1966##

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Table 4.2: Norms for Domestic Water Supply at Different Points of Time (in lpcd) Population Type Assumed Depth of Irrigation or “Delta” Year 2010 Year 2025 Year 2050 Class I Cities220 Other than Class I Cities Rural

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Bovine Water Requirement: It is usually assumed that bovine population growth at the rate of 0.5 per cent per year, while keeping in view the carrying capacity of the system and likely stress on natural resources. Water requirement norms between 18 to 30 lpcd per animal have been assumed. Using 1992 livestock census figure and postulating a growth of bovine population at 0.5 percent Applying the norms of water requirement per animal as given above, NICWRD has estimated water requirement for bovine population as 4.8 km 3, 5.2 km 3 and 5.9 km 3 for the years 2010, 2025 and 2050 respectively, which is included in the total water requirement.

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Water Requirement for Power Development Consumptive 4.48 m 3 /hour/MW or 3.92 Mm 3 /year/100 MW Non-consumptive 1.32 m 3 /hour/MW or 1.15 Mm 3 /year/100 MW

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Total Water Requirement (km 3 /Year) Low Scena rio High Scenario Low Scenari o High Scena rio Low Scenari o High Scen ario 1Thermal Hydropow er Nuclear Solar/Win d Gas based Total

RSD/ISEC/CHITTY/ Service sector is one of the fastest growing sector in Indian economy. 2.It is likely to sustain the same growth rate to but beyond that the growth is likely to decelerate due to high-density in the sector. 3.The process of urbanisation is also likely to be slow.The main issue that crops up in the water demand for service sector is the quality of water and its use in the peri-urban areas. 4.The connected issue is the water treatment in the service sector, and specifically for the domestic consumption purposes. 5.State of the technology plants for water treatment. 6.Next issue emerges out of the supply constraints on the water use in the service sector. Largely, the service sector utilises surface as well as groundwater resources, but more dependent on the later.