Ass.Prof./Naglaa Fathy Alhusseini Protein Chemistry Ass.Prof./Naglaa Fathy Alhusseini 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Proteins chemistry Definition: Proteins are organic nitrogenous compound of high molecular weight, consisting largely or entirely of α-amino acids united together by peptide linkages. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, many types of proteins may contain sulfur. Nitrogen is a characteristic component of proteins, forming about 16% of their weight. 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Functions of proteins: Synthesis of tissue proteins e.g., contractile protein of muscles, collagen …etc... Synthesis of cell organelles as cell membrane ,receptors…….etc Synthesis of enzymes Synthesis of milk proteins. Synthesis of plasma proteins. Synthesis of protein hormones. Synthesis of nucleoproteins. 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Biological importance of proteins: Fibrous or structural protein Keratin- elastin Collagen- reticulin Muscle protein (Myocin and Actin) Protein of cell membrane Protein of cytoplasm Functional protein Enzyme Hormones Receptors Igs Plasma protein Hemoglobin 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Questions 1- What are the biological importance of proteins? All the following are functional protein EXCEPT Igs enzyme Collagen Hemoglobin 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Amino Acids Amino acid is an organic acid containing one or more amino group and carboxylic group (COOH) carboxylic group (COOH) and amino group (NH2) are both attached to the α-carbon They are the building units of protein. 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

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D-amino acid L-amino acid Amino acids found in proteins are of L-configuration, this means that the amino group to the left and the hydrogen to the right of the a-carbon D-amino acid L-amino acid Isomerism of amino acids 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Functions of amino acids: Question Synthesis of structural and functional proteins. L-amino acid and their derivatives play a role in intracellular functions as nerve impulse transmission and regulation of cell growth. Biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, urea and porphyrins. L-and D-amino acids are present in polypeptide antibiotics secreted by microorganisms. True or false ?? 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Classifications: Amino acids can be classified by different classification: Chemical classification. Nutritional classification. Metabolic classification. Reaction classification (Charge properties). 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

1. Chemical classification: A) Aliphatic amino acids: have no ring; These amino acids may be subclassified into: Branched chain amino acids: as valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Hydroxy amino acids: as serine and threonine. Sulphur containing amino acids: as cysteine and methionine. Amino acids with amide group: as asparagine and glutamine. 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

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Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Gly - G Alanine Ala - A Valine Val - V Leucine Leu – L Isoleucine Ile - I

Serine Threonine Cysteine Methionine Cystine Ser - S Threonine Thr - T Cysteine Cys - C Methionine Met - M Cystine 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Aromatic amino acids Phenylalanine Phe - F Tyrosine Tyr - Y Tryptophan Trp - W 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Heterocyclic amino acids: They have heterocyclic ring as histidine, tryptophan, proline and hydroxyproline. Proline Pro – P Hydroxy proline Hyp 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Reaction classification ( charge properties): Non polar (Neutral): having equal number of amino and carboxyl groups e.g. alanine, serine, valine …etc Polar Basic AA: having more than one amino group and one carboxyl e.g. arginine, lysine, histidine …etc Polar (Acidic): having one amino group and two carboxyl e.g. glutamic acid and aspartic acid 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Polar Basic AA: having more than one amino group and one carboxyl e. g Polar Basic AA: having more than one amino group and one carboxyl e.g. arginine, lysine, histidine Arginine Arg - R Lysine Lys - K Histidine His - H 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Acidic Amino Acids and their Amides Aspartic Acid Asp - D Asparagine Asn - N Glutamic Acid Glu - E Glutamine Gln - Q 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

C) Heterocyclic amino acids: They have heterocyclic ring as B) Aromatic amino acids: They have benzene ring in their side chains like Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan C) Heterocyclic amino acids: They have heterocyclic ring as Histidine, Tryptophan, Proline and hydroxyproline. 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

2. Nutritional classification: They are classified into three groups: Essential amino acids: They are amino acids which cannot be synthesized in the body and must be taken in diet; phenylalanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, threonine and tryptophan. Semi essential amino acids: They are amino acids required in the food of growing children not in the food of adult as histidine and arginine. Non essential amino acids: can be synthesized inside the body as glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic, tyrosine, glutamic, proline and hydroxyproline 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Memory Aid for Essential Amino Acids Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable Arginine –Histedine – Isoleosine – Leosine – Threonine- Lysine- Methionine –Phyenylalanine- Tryptophan –Valine 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

3. Metabolic classification: According to their fate in the body they are classified into three groups: Glucogenic amino acids: give glucose inside the body as glycine, alanine, aspartic and glutamic. Ketogenic amino acid: gives ketone bodies as leucine. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids: They give both glucose and ketone bodies as lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine and isoleucine. 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Clinical importance of amino acids and their derivatives L-tyrosine is sometimes recommended by practitioners as helpful for weight loss, clinical depression. Dopamine derived from tyrosine is a neurotransmitter. Thyroxine is an important thyroid hormone from tyrosine. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) derived from glutamic acid; which is a neurotransmitter. Cycloserine derived from serine is an anti-tuberculous drug. Arginine stimulates the healing of burning wound and other wounds. Arginine together with lysine can limit herpes attacks (bladders in the mouth) for people that carry this virus. Cysteine can help to recover the damage by smoking and alcohol. Glutamine can give the mind new energy and can help to prevent and treat inflammations of the large intestine. 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Which of the following amino acid is an acidic amino acid. Arginine Aspartic acid Lysine Leucine 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

Which of the following amino acid is both neutral and aromatic in nature? Alanine Histidine Plyenylalanine Proline 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

All amino acids which both glucogenic and ketogenic are essential amino acids EXCEPT Phenylalanine Tyrosine Glycine Alanine 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

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Amino acid not found in proteins: Few amino acids are not found in proteins (non-protein amino acids) L-Ornithine is an intermediate of urea cycle . It is formed from arginine L- citrulline is intermediate of urea cycle . It is formed from ornithine Homoserine is an intermediate in methionine metabolism. It is formed from serine. GABA: γ amino butyric acid :is an inhibitor neurotransmitter DOPA: Dihydroxyphenylalanine : Is formed from tyrosine and precursor for biosynthesis of epinephrine and norepinephrine β alanine : occurs in coenzyme A , Pantothenic acid and it is also formed during degeneration pyrimidine nucleotides Selenocysteine is an amino acid containing selenium ( trace element). It is considered as the 21st amino acid since it is coded by the stop codon UGA. Examples of proteins containing selenocysteine are glutathione peroxidase enzyme and 5'deiodinase . 4/24/2017 Naglaa Alhusseini

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