____________________________________________ and is able to function the way it does because of the energy stored in chemical bonds. All biological matter is made up of atoms & compounds See p.2 Biochemistry CD

The understanding the basic chemistry of life is vital to a full comprehension of biology.

________________________________ because all known life forms are associated with and depend on reactions involving carbon. Carbon is so important to biochemistry

Four Four bonding electrons = tetrahedron shape All __________________________ are therefore known as ______________ molecules (this excludes oxides of carbon such as CO 2, CO, and HCO 3 ). Carbon containing molecules ORGANIC Small and light single, double, or triple bonds Can form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms to form compounds very common Carbon is very common! long chains Can form long chains or rings

functional groupsCarbon compounds work the way they do because of their functional groups. the part involved reactionsFunctional groups are usually the part involved in reactions. Functional groups have constant properties, and there are five that concern us. HYDROXIDE GROUP Properties: absorbhydrogen ions = BASIC These are the alcohols. They absorb hydrogen ions = BASIC. OH - + H +  H 2 O

CARBOXYL GROUP Properties: donate Hydrogen ions = ACID Can donate Hydrogen ions = ACID peptide bonds Joins with amino groups to form peptide bonds in proteins

AMINE GROUP Properties: These are the amines. in all amino acids Amines are found in all amino acids, and join with carboxyl groups to make protein chains. SULFHYDRYL Group Properties: These are the thiols. sulfur bridges in proteins give shape They help to form sulfur bridges in proteins, and thus help give shape to proteins.

PHOSPHATE Group Properties: rotatingdouble bond Due to symmetry and ‘rotating’ double bond, it is ideal for energy transfer reactions ATP Cellular Respiration (creating ATP). DNA and RNA Also found in the backbone of DNA and RNA.