Dimensions of Word Knowledge

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Dimensions of Word Knowledge Phonological Knowledge Syntactic Knowledge Morphological Knowledge Semantic Knowledge Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 103-109.

Derivational and Inflectional Morphology nation nations national nationally international internationally nationalize nationalizes nationalizing nationalized nationalization

Sense Relations Synonymy Antonym Gradable Complementary Relational Incompatibility Hyponymy Implication Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 106-108.

Word Association Test Findings Word: chair Taxonomic Relations table coordinate (cohyponym) furniture superordinate rocker subordinate (hyponym) Attributive Relations comfortable, wooden, hard, white

Word Association Test Findings Word: chair Part-Whole Relations seat, cushion, legs Functional Relations sitting, rest, rocking Part of this is from G.H. Kent and A.J. Rosanoff. 1910. The American Journal of Insanity 67: 317-390, American Psychiatric Association. Cited in Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 107-108.

Psycholinguistic Experimental Measures Response time (RT) Accuracy (or error rate)

Psycholinguistic Experimental Tasks Naming Lexical Decision Phoneme Monitoring Semantic Verification Word Association Priming

Hierarchical Model of Mental Lexicon

Hierarchical Network Model Collins & Quillian Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 110.

Semantic Verification Task (Similarity and Typicality Effects) TRUE A robin is a bird. faster more typical An ostrich is a bird. slower less typical FALSE A whale is a fish. slower more similar A horse is a fish. faster less similar Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 113.

Collins & Loftus (1975) Model of Spreading Activation Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 115.

Ashcraft Model of Spreading Activation Ashcraft, Mark H. 1994. Human Memory and Cognition, second edition. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, p. 273.

Variables that Influence Lexical Access (and must be accounted for) 1. Word frequency 2. Phonological Variables 3. Syntactic Category 4. Morphological Complexity 5. Semantic Priming 6. Lexical Ambiguity Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 119-126

Lexical Decision and Word Frequency Hirsh-Pasek et al. (1993) List 1 List 2 gambastya chalt mulvow busy revery awry governor effort voitle signet bless garvola chard trave tuglety match wefe crock gare sard cratily cryptic relief pleasant decoy ewe ruftily coin puldow himpola history maisle raflot pindle oriole develop voluble gardot boovle norve Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 120.

Forster's Active Search Model Garnham, Alan. 1985. Psycholinguistics. p. 52

Spreading Activation Ashcraft, Mark H. 1994. Human Memory and Cognition, second edition. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, p. 260.

Cohort Model Aitchison, Jean. 1994. Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon, second edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, p. 218.

Processing in the Cohort Model EXAMPLE: Angela misplaced her ba … Initial Cohort: bag, bat, bath, bass, bagpipe, … 1) Word Initial Cohort: "on the basis of an acoustic-phonetic analysis of the input, a set of lexical candidates is activated" ASSUMPTION: strictly bottom-up 2) Selection Process: "one member of the cohort is selected for further analysis" additional phonetic input word frequency ongoing discourse context 3) Integration into Connected Discourse: "the selected lexical item is integrated into the ongoing semantic and syntactic context“ Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 118-126.