Bellringer A violation of civil rights that occurred in the United States during World War II was the arrests made as a result of the Palmer raids passage of an open immigration law internment of Japanese Americans forced removal of Native American Indians from their reservations

Learning Targets U8T14 - I can describe the causes and consequences of the Holocaust. U8T15 – I can explain America’s reaction to the Holocaust and other war crimes. U8T16 – I can explain the results of the Nuremburg Trials

Crimes of WWII Crimes Against Peace War Crimes Planning, preparing or initiating a war of aggression. War Crimes This meant breaking the rules of war. It included killing prisoners or war and destroying homes and property Crimes Against Humanity The murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population before or during the war. A major difference between “war crimes” and “crimes against humanity” was that “war crimes” could be committed only during a war, while “crimes against humanity” could be committed before or during a war.”

Think-Pair-Share What crimes against peace have we already discussed during this unit? Answer would be the bombing of Pearl Harbor

The Holocaust The State sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. “Final Solution” : name given to the plan to exterminate the Jewish population

The Victims It is true that not all victims were Jews, but all Jews were victims. - Elie Wiesel, 1995 Jews Political Opponents Habitual Criminals Handicapped Homosexuals Jehovah’s Witnesses Roma (Gypsies) Poles Freemasons Immigrants Soviet P.O.W.’s American P.O.W.’s African-Germans

Conditions of camps Three different types of camps: Labor Camps Extermination Camps Transit Camps Victims in camps suffered from: Starvation Exhaustion Brutality Executions

Poland 88% 2,900,000 Soviet Union 33% 1,000,000 Hungary 70% 550,000 Romania 35% 271,000 Lithuania 90% 140,000 Germany 27% 134,500 Netherlands 75% 100,000 Bohemia & Moravia 84% 78,150 France 24% 77,320 Latvia 70,000 Slovakia 76% 68,000 Greece 80% 60,000 Yugoslavia 72% 56,200 Austria 50,000 Belgium 44% 28,900 Italy 20% 7,680 Luxembourg 50% 1,950 Estonia 1,500 Norway 55% 762 Denmark 1.3% 60 Finland 2.8% 7 Albania Bulgaria Spain Sweden Switzerland Jewish Losses The estimated number of Jewish fatalities during the Holocaust is usually given between 5.1 and 6 million victims. The true number will never be known.

Holocaust Images

America’s Early Response During the War Read about the Evian Conference and answer the first 2 questions under “Allies first response” Read the article about the St. Louis and answer the last 2 questions under “Allies first response”

Americas Second Response- The Nuremburg Trials Nov. 20, 1945 – Oct Who will be held accountable? Can leaders of nations be held responsible? Nuremburg Trials: The International Military Tribunal (court of justice) of 1946, convened by the U.S., British, French and Soviets, which convicted the major Nazi leaders who survived World War II A1 Start here

Who Should Be Tried? The first job facing the court at Nuremberg was to decide who should be tried. 24 Nazi’s were indicted (Hitler and some other leading officers committed suicide before the trials began) 21 stood trial 18 convicted Though Hitler and a few others had taken their own lives, most of the top Nazi leaders had been captured by the Allies. Hundreds of names of accused Nazis were brought before the court. The International Military Tribunal decided to try only 24 of the central leaders of the Nazi Party. Give copies of p. 118 Nazis tried at Nuremberg from the Teacher’s Guide The Holocaust and the World of the Jews. Only 24 Nazis were indicted and two of them never stood trial. Robert Ley, the head of the Nazi labor movement committed suicide before the trial began. The court ruled that Gustav Krupp, an industrialist, was too ill to be tried. Many other top Nazi leaders, including Hitler and Goebbels, killed themselves in the final days of the war. Others like Adolf Eichmann, managed to disappear during the confusion that marked Germany’s defeat.

Nuremberg Impact First time to hold national leaders accountable for their crimes against humanity The details of what the Nazi’s had done became vivid to the rest of the world Nazis were imprisoned or executed for their involvement in the Holocaust

Japan’s Crimes of War ShangHai Invasion: In 1938, Japan invaded ShangHai bombing the entire city and killing thousands of innocent civilians Nanjing Massacre: in 1939, Japan invaded the capital city of China, Nanjing. Soldier killed 30,000 men and children, 20,000 women were raped and brutally murdered.

America’s Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Manhattan Project: a secret military project created in 1942 to produce the first US nuclear weapon When the leading scientists saw the first bomb drop he said “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."

What should America DO? VE Day Tuesday 8 May 1945 was 'Victory in Europe' (VE) Day, and it marked the formal end of Hitler's war. War on the Pacific Front Continued with high causalities on both sides…no victory was in the near future

A Decision is Made August 6, 1945 atomic bomb is dropped Hiroshima, Japan. On August 9th, 1945 atom bomb is dropped on Nagasaki.

Dropping the Atomic bomb: victimization or triumph? The dropping of the atom bomb on Japan is remembered in two different ways. Read the Historical Narratives. Partner A/B – you are looking for facts that support the victimization argument Partners A/B – you are looking for facts that support the triumph argument Record facts on your handout Print pages 3-8 on Reading like a historian

Victimization Evidence Triumph Evidence

Reasons for dropping the A-Bomb Potsdam Declaration, U.S. asks Japan to surrender. Japan believed “unconditional surrender” was not tolerable. Americans were suffering many casualties and the Japanese were showing no signs of possible negotiation. A cease fire was non-negotiable. If the United States dropped the atomic bomb, surrender and peace would probably occur.

Hiroshima, Japan The atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima killed civilian women and children in addition to soldiers. Hiroshima's population has been estimated at 350,000; approximately 70,000 died immediately from the explosion and another 70,000 died from radiation within five years.

End of WWII VJ Day (Victory in Japan Day) August 14th, 1945 The worst war in history is officially over

Think-Pair-Share Discussion The dropping of the atomic bomb was not considered a war crime in 1945 Should the dropping of the atomic bomb be considered a crime against humanity? Prove your argument with at least 3 pieces of evidence.

Exit Slip Improve answers on Pre-Assessment to reach mastery “3”