China By Jill Schnall and Emily Mason

Important Concepts Mass Line – line of communication between party leaders, members, and peasants ▫Involves everyone teaching and listening to each other “Four Modernizations” ▫Industry, agriculture, science, military

Isolationistic Tendencies Mountain ranges, deserts, oceans separate China from other countries Han Chinese culture dates to ancient times

A Brief History Government based on: ▫Authoritarian power ▫Confucianism ▫Bureaucratic hierarchy based on scholarship ▫The “Middle Kingdom” ▫Communist ideologies

Historical Eras 1.Dynastic Rule ▫Scholarship establishes superiority ▫Strong sense of cultural identity (ethnocentrism) 2.Resistance to Imperialism ▫Cultural identity  nationalism ▫Resisted attempts by England, France, Germany, Japan 3.Maoism ▫Believed in the strength of the peasant ▫Collectivism, Struggle and activism, Mass line, Egalitarianism, Self-reliance 4.Deng Xiaoping Theory

Pre-1949 Change Control by Imperialist Nations Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen: ▫attempt to reestablish China as an independent country (nationalism) ▫Establishing a new political community: Nationalist Party (Guomindang, Chiang Kay-shek) or Chinese Communist Party (Mao Zedong) ▫Socioeconomic development Long March

People’s Republic of China ( ) Mao gained control of the mainland, Chiang of Taiwan The Soviet Model ( ) ▫Land Reform ▫Civil Reform ▫Five-Year Plans The Great Leap Forward ( ) ▫All-around Development ▫Mass Mobilization ▫Political unanimity and zeal ▫Decentralization

…Up to Today!( ) Cultural Revolution ( ): ▫Mao’s death led to factions: Radicals, Military, and Moderates Deng Xiaoping’s Modernizations ( ) ▫“Open door” trade policy ▫Reforms in education ▫Institutionalization of the Revolution

Government Today Chinese Communist Party – heart of political system People’s National Congress People select representatives to Congress in local elections Local representatives select next level of Congress and so on Choose president and vice president

Government Today President and Vice President 5 year terms, 2 term limit At least 45 years old Premier – head of government, appointed by the president President Hu Jintao Vice President Xi Jinping

Government Today Judiciary “People’s Court” system – organized hierarchically Rule of law – laws bind behavior and all are equally subject to them

One Child Policy Established by Deng Xiaoping in 1979 Supposed to be a “temporary measure” Main purpose is to control population growth Birthrates were 4 children per family Lack of resources Limits families to one child Exceptions – rural families, Ethnic minorities, parents without Any siblings

Pros Control population growth Improved life expectancy More women working because less household duties Social welfare benefits z8http:// z8

Cons Abortion, neglect, abandonment, infanticide Fines, forced abortions, sterilizations 114 males:100 females ages 0-4 Large population of elderly dependent on children Lonely children

One Child Policy Today Gradually relaxing rules “2-child policy” Aging population Costs of raising multiple children will prevent couples from having multiple children

Two Child Policy City of Yicheng chosen for secret experiment Allowed couples to have more than one child Population actually grew slower than national population 5whttp:// 5w

Tibet (Summary) China has claimed Tibet as part of its country for thousands of years Tibetans are a different ethnicity than most Chinese, which are Han Should Tibet be its own country, or a part of China? Is there a compromise?