Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Conception and Implantation Figure 3.1

Figure 4.1 Life is sexually transmitted Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. PeriodLength Key Events Zygote 2 weeks fertilization fertilization implantation implantation start of placenta start of placenta Embryo 6 weeks arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop heart begins beating heart begins beating Fetus 30 weeks “growth and finishing” “growth and finishing” Periods of Prenatal Development

Embryonic stage (2-8 weeks) Major bodily systems develop Major bodily systems develop Spontaneous abortion: usually due to chromosomal abnormalities, severely defective embryos. Occurs usually without mother aware (50% end in miscarriage; 15% known to mother) Spontaneous abortion: usually due to chromosomal abnormalities, severely defective embryos. Occurs usually without mother aware (50% end in miscarriage; 15% known to mother) Fetal Stage (8-birth) Appearance of bone cells; rapid growth; more complex organ development; begin to interact with environment; learn and remember (sound, voices) Appearance of bone cells; rapid growth; more complex organ development; begin to interact with environment; learn and remember (sound, voices)

Figure 4.2 Prenatal development Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3.2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Harm from Teratogens Dose Dose Heredity Heredity Other negative influences Other negative influences Age at time of exposure Age at time of exposure RubberBall Productions

Prenatal Development Fig Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on Prenatal Development

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Types of Teratogens Drugs Drugs prescription prescription nonprescription nonprescription illegal illegal Tobacco Tobacco Alcohol Alcohol Radiation Radiation Pollution Pollution Absolute Family

Teratogen: is a substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm the child. Alcohol and tobacco are perhaps the most common and damaging. Mercury, landfills, lead paint Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): combo of retarded growth, face and body malformations, disorders of the nervous system. ADHD symptoms, attention, distractibility, learning difficulties, memory and mood impairment. Nicotine: low birth weight, miscarriage, retardation, still birth, small head syndrome, medical problems.

Marijuana: birth defects, low birth weight, ADHD, learning problems, visual and perceptual skills deficit, impulsivity- impacts frontal lobe. Cocaine: spontaneous abortion, delayed growth, premature labor. Low birth weight, birth defects, neurological deficits; acute withdrawal following birth; overall, significant neurological deficits.

HIV/AIDS: likely to spread it to fetus. Maternal Illnesses: colds, STDs, general medical problems. Maternal Stress: wide psychological disorders, deformities. Negative emotional/behavioral Over 35: for the mother-diabetes, high BP, severe bleeding. Child- premature birth, birth defects, retarded growth.

Physical Development— Hazards to Prenatal Development 14

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Infectious diseases Infectious diseases Nutrition Nutrition Emotional stress Emotional stress Rh blood factor Rh blood factor Age Age RubberBall Productions Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Apgar Scale A ppearance P ulse G rimace A ctivity R espiration RubberBall Productions

Reflexes Motor Development Moro reflex Rooting reflex Sucking reflex Startle response in reaction to sudden, intense noise or movement Reaction when infant’s cheek is stroked or side of mouth touched Automatic sucking object placed in newborn’s mouth Grasping reflex Occurs when something touches infant’s palms; infant response is to grasp tightly

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Infant States of Arousal Regular sleep Regular sleep Irregular sleep Irregular sleep Drowsiness Drowsiness Quiet alertness Quiet alertness Waking activity Waking activity Crying Crying RubberBall Productions

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Sense of Touch Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Highly sensitive to pain Highly sensitive to pain relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding physical touch releases endorphins physical touch releases endorphins

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Prefer sweet tastes at birth Prefer sweet tastes at birth Quickly learn to like new tastes Quickly learn to like new tastes Have odor preferences from birth Have odor preferences from birth Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth RubberBall Productions

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Sense of Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Sense of Vision Least developed sense at birth Least developed sense at birth visual structures in eyes and brain not fully formed visual structures in eyes and brain not fully formed Limited acuity Limited acuity Scan environment, track moving objects Scan environment, track moving objects RubberBall Productions

Bonding Needs to occur shortly after birth Needs to occur shortly after birth Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital Rooming-in arrangements offered Rooming-in arrangements offered Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development Birth

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. New Family Adjustment Challenge of early weeks Challenge of early weeks new roles new roles changed schedule changed schedule

Recommended now: Comfort your baby: comfort baby when they cry comfort baby when they cry feed them when they are hungry feed them when they are hungry play with them when they are awake play with them when they are awake “spoil” them as much as you can! (studies show that baby must learn that they have an effect on their environment, and therefore control over their own experience. Important for cognitive and social development “spoil” them as much as you can! (studies show that baby must learn that they have an effect on their environment, and therefore control over their own experience. Important for cognitive and social development babies need to know that they can make things happen babies need to know that they can make things happen being responsive to baby being responsive to baby