How to Think About Foreign Policy Structure Structure OrganizationOrganization Process Process How Decisions are madeHow Decisions are made Policy Policy Substance of policySubstance of policy

US National Institutions US Constitution US Constitution EXECUTIVE LegislativeJudicial

Institutional Powers Article One: Article One: Congressional Powers Declare War Declare War Raise and support armed forces Raise and support armed forces Regulate armed forces Regulate armed forces Senate: approve executive branch officials Senate: approve executive branch officials Senate: advise and consent on treaties Senate: advise and consent on treaties Tax and Spend money Tax and Spend money Article Two: Executive Powers Make treaties Make treaties Appoint officials and ambassadors Appoint officials and ambassadors Commander-in-chief of armed forces Commander-in-chief of armed forces

The Struggle for Power Modern deference to President Modern deference to President Public Opinion: Foreign policy is a presidential power Public Opinion: Foreign policy is a presidential power When presidents ignore congress on foreign policy matters: public supports presidentWhen presidents ignore congress on foreign policy matters: public supports president Congressional Power: $$$$$$$ Congressional Power: $$$$$$$

Cabinet-StyleCabinet-Style Government (standard organizational structure) Cabinet-Style President Secretary of… Deputy Sec of… Undersecretary of… Assistant Secretary of… Secretary of…

Career vs. Appointee Transition Bush Obama Career Bush Obama Career

What is US Foreign Policy? White House White House White House White House National Security Council National Security Council National Security Council National Security Council Presidential Directives (from Federation of American Scientists) Presidential Directives (from Federation of American Scientists) Presidential Directives Presidential Directives US National Security Structure US National Security Structure US National Security Structure US National Security Structure

State Department (1789) State Dept home page State Dept home page State Dept home page State Dept home page Organization Organization Organization Embassies Embassies Embassies Careers Careers Careers Nations (includes Nations (includes Nations background notes)

Department of Defense (1947) The Pentagon

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Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Chief of Staff of the Army Chief of Naval Operations Chief of Staff of the Air Force Commandant of the Marine Corps Joint Staff

DoD Structure DoD Organization DoD Organization DoD Organization DoD Organization The Department of Defense The Department of Defense The Department of Defense The Department of Defense The Office of the Secretary of Defense The Office of the Secretary of Defense The Office of the Secretary of Defense The Office of the Secretary of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff JCS StructureJCS StructureJCS StructureJCS Structure United States Army United States ArmyArmy United States Navy United States NavyNavy Navy StructureNavy StructureNavy StructureNavy Structure United States Marine Corps United States Marine CorpsMarine CorpsMarine Corps United States Air Force United States Air ForceAir ForceAir Force Unified Command Plan Unified Command Plan Unified Command Plan Unified Command Plan Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency (NSA) National Security Agency (NSA) National Security Agency (NSA) National Security Agency (NSA) Defense Science Board publications Defense Science Board publications Defense Science Board Defense Science Board

Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence (2005) Director of National Intelligence (2005) Director of National Intelligence Director of National Intelligence ODNI StructureODNI StructureODNI StructureODNI Structure DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005)DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005)DNI National Intelligence StrategyDNI National Intelligence Strategy National Intelligence CouncilNational Intelligence CouncilNational Intelligence CouncilNational Intelligence Council National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) President’s Intelligence Advisory Board (PIAB). President’s Intelligence Advisory Board (PIAB). (PIAB). (PIAB). Central Intelligence Agency (1947) Central Intelligence Agency (1947) Central Intelligence Agency Central Intelligence Agency World FactbookWorld FactbookWorld FactbookWorld Factbook CIA list of World Leaders and Cabinet Members of Foreign GovernmentsCIA list of World Leaders and Cabinet Members of Foreign GovernmentsWorld Leaders World Leaders CIA-sponsored page of links on intelligence issuesCIA-sponsored page of links on intelligence issueslinks on intelligence issueslinks on intelligence issues Freedom of Information Act details for CIA documentsFreedom of Information Act details for CIA documentsFreedom of Information Act details for CIA documentsFreedom of Information Act details for CIA documents

Department of Homeland Security 2003 Secretary of Homeland SecurityHomeland Security Structure

Congressional Oversight House Armed Services CommitteeHouse Armed Services CommitteeHouse Armed Services CommitteeHouse Armed Services Committee House Committee on Foreign AfairsHouse Committee on Foreign AfairsHouse Committee on Foreign AfairsHouse Committee on Foreign Afairs House Select Committee on Homeland SecurityHouse Select Committee on Homeland SecurityHouse Select Committee on Homeland SecurityHouse Select Committee on Homeland Security House Permanent Select Committee on IntelligenceHouse Permanent Select Committee on IntelligenceHouse Permanent Select Committee on IntelligenceHouse Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Senate Committee on Armed ServicesSenate Committee on Armed ServicesSenate Committee on Armed ServicesSenate Committee on Armed Services Senate Committee on Foreign RelationsSenate Committee on Foreign RelationsSenate Committee on Foreign RelationsSenate Committee on Foreign Relations Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government AffairsSenate Committee on Homeland Security and Government AffairsSenate Committee on Homeland Security and Government AffairsSenate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs Senate Select Committee on IntelligenceSenate Select Committee on IntelligenceSenate Select Committee on IntelligenceSenate Select Committee on Intelligence Congressional Budget Office (CBO)Congressional Budget Office (CBO)(CBO) Government Accountability Office (GAO)Government Accountability Office (GAO)(GAO) CRS Reports through the Federation of American ScientistsCRS Reports through the Federation of American ScientistsCRS Reports through the Federation of American ScientistsCRS Reports through the Federation of American Scientists

National Security Council National Security Council Members of NSC President President Vice President Vice President Secretary of State Secretary of State Secretary of Defense Secretary of Defense Secretary of Energy (2007) Secretary of Energy (2007) Any others the President wishes to add Any others the President wishes to add Advisors to NSC Chair JCS Chair JCS DNI DNI

Current NSC Committee Structure NSC NSC Principals Committee NSC Deputies Committee NSC Interagency Policy Comm. NSC Interagency Policy Comm. NSC Interagency Policy Comm NSC Interagency Policy Comm

Evolution of NSC System Statutory Design of NSC President NSC NSC Committees NSC Staff But sometimes President National Security Advisor Trusted Advisor Trusted Advisor NSC Staff

Models of Decision Making 1. Analytical Model (Rational Actor) 2. Organizational Process Model 3. Bureaucratic Politics Model 4. Presidential Management Model 1.Competitive Model 2.Formalistic Model 3.Collegial Model

1. Analytical Model (Rational Actor) Cost Benefit Analysis OptionsCostsBenefits A?? B?? C??

2. Organizational Process Model State Defense Treasury Commerce Homeland Security

Advice to the President? Solution to foreign crisis? Solution to foreign crisis? State: Negotiate State: Negotiate Treasury: Sanctions Treasury: Sanctions Commerce: Trade Commerce: Trade DNI: Need better intelligence DNI: Need better intelligence CIA: Covert Operations CIA: Covert Operations Defense: Use force Defense: Use force Army: Ground troopsArmy: Ground troops Navy: Carrier air powerNavy: Carrier air power Marines: Amphibious landingMarines: Amphibious landing Air Force: BombingAir Force: Bombing

3. Bureaucratic Politics Model PRES A1A2A3A4A5A6A7

4. Presidential Management Model (PMM) What Structures, if any, are used in decision making? Who is actually making the decision? Who does the president trust the most?

PMMs Competitive Formalistic Collegial