Amino acid biosynthesis

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Presentation transcript:

Amino acid biosynthesis Chemistry 256

Why biosynthesis? So that every amino acid is not an essential one. In other words, humans do not have to consume a non-essential amino acid in order to have it for use in the cells.

Some non-essential amino acid syntheses are straightforward These have been seen else-where in the text.

Others less so...

Especially the aromatic ones!

A study in regulation: Glutamine synthetase D6 symmetry; mammalian glutamine synthetase is controlled by α-ketoglutarate to prevent ammonia accumulation.

Bacterial glutamine synthetase regulation Much more complex; requires adenylylation, which is the addition of an AMP to key tyrosine residues. The enzyme adenylyltransferase is activated by uridylylation, the addition of a UMP, a reaction catalyzed by uridylyltransferase. So, if there is high [α-ketoglutarate], this triggers uridylylation of adenylyltransferase, which activates it to adenylylate glutamine synthetase, which activates that to produce more glutamine. Not a digital system: different levels of uridylylation and adenylylation lead to different rates.

Woolfolk C. A. , Stadtman E. R Woolfolk C. A., Stadtman E. R. , “Cumulative feedback inhibition in the multiple end-product regulation of glutamine synthetase activity in Escherichia coli”, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1964).

Some amino acid syntheses are complex Glutamate leads to proline, ornithine, arginine (several steps) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) leads to serine, cysteine, glycine (several steps) Plants and microorganisms synthesize aspartate into lysine, methionine and threonine; pyruvate into leucine, isoleucine and valine; and so forth. The synthesis of histidine in plants is similar to the synthesis of nucleotides.

Westley, J. , and Ceithaml, J Westley, J., and Ceithaml, J., “Synthesis of Histidine in Escherichia Coli”, Arch. Biochem. And Biophys. (1955)

Heme is synthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA Shemin, D., London, I.M., Rittenberg, D., “The in vitro synthesis of heme from glycine by nucleated red blood cells”, J Biol Chem (1948)

Heme is degraded and excreted

A variety of neurotransmitters and hormones are synthesized from amino acids

Nitrogen fixation by some bacteria (diazotrophs) requires nitrogenase Yes, molybdenum is a nutrient! (for these bacteria, anyway)