The BIG FOUR! ….well really the BIG 2 with a Little 2

Protein Objectives  To be able to draw the structural diagrams of 2 amino acids  To be able to draw the dehydration synthesis of two amino acids  To know the functions of Protein  To know the shapes of Protein  To know the factors that affect the efficiency of Enzymes

Organic Compounds  Protein  Nucleic Acids  Carbohydrates  Lipids

All organic compounds :  Have carbon as their core structure  Contain hydrogen, oxygen and a few other atoms  Are considered Macromolecules  (Polymers = monomer + monomer + monomer)

Polymer - Monomer  ProteinAmino Acids  Nucleic AcidsNucleotides  CarbohydratesGlucose  Lipids Glycerol + Fatty Acids

Protein  Building blocks are Amino Acids  There are only 20 Amino Acids  They all have the same basic blueprint:  1. Central carbon  2. Amine Group  3. Carboxyl Acid  4. Single Hydrogen Atom  5. R-group (consists of different arrangements of atoms)

A Typical Amino Acid

Dehydration Synthesis  Carboxyl acid of one Amino Acid bonds to the Amine group of the next Amino Acid.  A Peptide Bond forms  Loss of water = Dehydration

Draw the Dehydration Synthesis of 2 Glycine molecules  The product is called a “Dipeptide Molecule”

…as the chain gets longer….  More than 2 amino acids = Polypeptide  More than 200 amino acids = Protein

Functions of Protein  Structural molecule  Enzymes  Hormones  Antibodies  Passive and Active channels in the Plasma Membrane

Shapes of Protein  1. Primary – linear arrangement of amino acids  N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C

Shapes of Protein  2. Secondary – helix or folded arrangement

Shapes of Protein  3. Tertiary – 3-D shape caused by the interaction of amino acids with large r-groups

Shapes of Protein  4. Quaternary – multiple polypeptides with 3-D shape Shapes of Protein Shapes of ProteinShapes of Protein

Organic Compound Review  All organic compounds have __________ as their core element.  Large molecules made up of repeating units are called __________.  The building blocks of organic compounds are called __________.  All 20 amino acids have the same structural blueprint; a central __________, an __________ group, a __________ acid group, a single ___________ and an _____________.  The simplest amino acid is called ___________.  Amino acids link together in a process called ________________.  Amino acids are linked by a special covalent bond called a ____________.  The first amino acid set down in every protein is _____________.  Five important functions of my favorite organic compound are _____________, _________________, ________________, ________________, and ______________________________.  Protein are found in 4 shapes: ________________, ___________________, ______________________ and _____________________.

Organic Compound Review  All organic compounds have Carbon as their core element.  Large molecules made up of repeating units are called Polymers.  The building blocks of organic compounds are called Monomers.  All 20 amino acids have the same structural blueprint; a central Carbon, an Amine group, a Carboxyl acid group, a single Hydrogen and an R- group.  The simplest amino acid is called Glycine.  Amino acids link together in a process called Dehydration Synthesis.  Amino acids are linked by a special covalent bond called a Peptide.  The first amino acid set down in every protein is Methionine.  Five important functions of my favorite organic compound are Structural, Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies and Carrier Protein.  Protein are found in 4 shapes: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary.

Factors that may alter the shape of Protein  Temperature  Changes in pH  Protein Structure Protein Structure Protein Structure  Denaturation – temporary change in shape  Coagulation – permanent change in shape

Enzymes  Are Organic Catalysts that control the speed of chemical reactions in cells  Only function in one chemical reaction  Are unaffected by the reaction, so they can be used over again.  If the shape of the enzyme changes, the enzyme can’t do it’s job.  Reduce the activation energy needed to start the reaction

Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions

Enzymes  Enzymes Enzymes  Shockwave Shockwave  Lock and Key Principle

Anabolic Reactions

Catabolic Reactions