The C RYSTAL C LEAR Integrated Project: next generation crystalline silicon technology from lab to production Boukje Ehlen and Wim C. Sinke Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN on behalf of the project consortium Project summary February 2007

CrystalClear – Project overview February CrystalClear partners Industry partners REC Deutsche Cell Schott Solar Deutsche Solar ScanWafer Isofoton SolarWorld Ind. Photowatt BP Solar Research partners ECN CNRS InESS Fraunhofer-ISE IMEC Univ. Konstanz Univ. PT Madrid Univ. Utrecht

CrystalClear – Project overview February Contents Project aims –in numbers –in perspective CrystalClear in short –basic considerations –research topics & selected results

CrystalClear – Project overview February Project aims Decrease direct module manufacturing cost: –from 2.5 €/Wp (2004) to 1 €/Wp. Improve module environmental profile: –decrease energy pay-back time from 3-5 yrs to 2 yrs (at 1000 kWh/m 2 yr); –improve the environmental impact score of modules with at least 20% (on area basis); –design for recycling. Enhance applicability: –tailor to customer needs.

CrystalClear – Project overview February CrystalClear main aim in perspective 0.25 – 0.60 €/kWh 0.17 – 0.40 €/kWh (within range of consumer prices) BOS = Balance-Of-System (independentdevelopments) CC updated from

CrystalClear – Project overview February Contents Project aims –in numbers –in perspective CrystalClear in short –basic considerations –research topics & selected results

CrystalClear – Project overview February CrystalClear approach – basic considerations Typical module cost break-down (2004): Reduce Si consumption per Wp High total-area efficiency & new cell and module manufacturing concepts High-throughput processing & high efficiency

CrystalClear – Project overview February CrystalClear approach – main elements Reduced silicon consumption per Wp –thin wafers –ribbons – avoid cutting losses (ribbon growth outside CrystalClear) –larger ingots – lower overall losses –thin-film wafer equivalents Advanced cell and module designs –high efficiency cells by front and back surface passivation –all-rear contact schemes for large & thin wafers and easy module manufacturing –new interconnection and encapsulation materials

CrystalClear – Project overview February CrystalClear research topics Feedstock & ingots Wafers & Thin-film wafer equivalents Cells Modules Sustainability Integration

CrystalClear – Project overview February CrystalClear technology roadmapping

CrystalClear – Project overview February Project aims and approach: parallel routes Profile of overall technologies taken from the Roadmap: technology risk lowmediumhigh technology name character ready for industrial implementation Basepower – F&R State-of-the-art multi 2006 Multistar/R – F&R/MWT advanced multi 2009 Superslice - IBC advanced mono 2009  2010 Ribbonchamp - MWT advanced ribbon 2010 Epi.c – F&R new kid on the block 2012 F&R = front & rear contacting; MWT = metallization wrap-through; IBC = interdigitated back-contact

CrystalClear – Project overview February Roadmap technologies under development (typical numbers) Estimated manufacturing costs of future (CrystalClear) crystalline silicon technologies MultistarMultistaRSupersliceRibbonchampEpi.c Feedstock typeSoG SeGSoGdeposited Siliconp-type n-typep-type Wafer thickness (µm) Cell conceptFtRMWTIBCMWTFtR Module assemblyfoil laminationfoil lamination integrated interconnectors, other encapsulation other encapsulation Module conceptglass + frame glass, frameless Encapsulated cell efficiency (%) Manufacturing cost (€/Wp)

CrystalClear – Project overview February Environmental analysis of manufacturing practice Energy pay-back time of present and near-future (CrystalClear) crystalline silicon technologies (in turn-key systems) Alsema, de Wild-Scholten and Fthenakis, Proc. EUPVSEC21 (2006), see

CrystalClear – Project overview February Summary & acknowledgements  CrystalClear aims to demonstrate vitality and large practical potential of crystalline silicon photovoltaics  CrystalClear supports EU industry to maintain competitiveness by innovation  CrystalClear is a powerful vehicle for collaboration and communication between partners in the EU The CrystalClear consortium would like to thank the EC and the project officers for financial and moral supportThe CrystalClear consortium would like to thank the EC and the project officers for financial and moral support

CrystalClear – Project overview February Thank you for your attention! CrystalClear’s design of MWT cell Mother Nature’s design of a waterlily leaf