Latin American Independence Movements (Lesson 1)

Latin American Independence Movements Focus Questions to Consider: 1. Which major Native American groups inhabited Mexico and South America? 2. What happened to these groups when the Spanish conquistadors arrived? 3. What was the encomienda system? 4. Which cash crop dominated Latin America? 5. How did social stratification affect South America?

Aztec and Incan civilizations thrived in America long before the arrival of Europeans

Spanish Conquistadors Hernando Cortez – Enters Mexico where Aztecs have a thriving civilization Francisco Pizarro – Enters Peru, where Incas have a thriving civilization

Encomienda System “We need crops like sugar cane to be cultivated so that we can sell it and make money. We cannot do this without workers. Our great king has ordered that we do whatever necessary to get the natives to work. All who resist will be subjected to cruel punishments and even death.” “We need crops like sugar cane to be cultivated so that we can sell it and make money. We cannot do this without workers. Our great king has ordered that we do whatever necessary to get the natives to work. All who resist will be subjected to cruel punishments and even death.” (Spanish conquistador, 1530)

Right to demand labor or tribute (payment) from Native Americans Right to demand labor or tribute (payment) from Native Americans Brutal conditions/enslavement Brutal conditions/enslavement Disease, starvation and cruel treatment drastically decreased the population Disease, starvation and cruel treatment drastically decreased the population Encomienda System

Sugar Cane Plantations “Cash Crops”

How does the encomienda system help to explain the trend shown in this graph?

Explain the connection between these two charts.

Who do you think was at the top of the Social Structure of Spanish colonies? Native Americans and Africans Native Americans and Africans Creoles/Criollos – People of European descent, but born in the colonies Creoles/Criollos – People of European descent, but born in the colonies Mestizos – Mix of Native American and European descent Mestizos – Mix of Native American and European descent Mulattoes – Mix of African and European descent Mulattoes – Mix of African and European descent Peninsulares – People born in Europe Peninsulares – People born in Europe

Peninsulares – Born in Spain Creoles – European descent, but born in the colonies Native Americans and Africans Mestizos – Mix of Native American and European descent Mulattoes – Mix of African and European descent Social Structure of Spanish colonies

Peninsulares Mestizos How does this compare to the situation that existed in France throughout the 1700s?

How do you think people living in Latin American colonies reacted when they heard about Enlightenment ideas and the accomplishments of the American and French Revolutions?

CAUSES PROBLEMS OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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Latin American Independence Movements (Lesson 2)

CAUSES PROBLEMS OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Toussant L’Ouverture “We are fighting so that liberty - the most precious of all earthly possessions – may not perish” 1.

1. Toussaint L’Ouverture places liberated colonial power important facts year HaitiFrance - self-educated former slave - familiar with Enlightenment ideas - led guerilla war against French army 1820

“I will not rest until I have broken the chains that bind us to the will of Spain” Simon Bolivar 2.

2. Simón Bolívar places liberated colonial power important facts year Venezuela Ecuador Colombia Peru BoliviaSpain - “the Liberator” - educated in Europe - led military - wanted one united country “Gran Colombia” 1821

José de San Martin 3. “Of what my Granadiers are capable, only I know, who matches them there will be, who exceeds them there won't.” “De lo que mis granaderos son capaces, solo lo sé yo, quien los iguale habrá quien los exceda no. “

3. José de San Martín places liberated colonial power important facts year Argentina and Chile Spain - educated - military training in Europe - joined forces with Bolivar for some time 1818,1821

= freed by Bolívar = freed by San Martin

Miguel Hidalgo « Siendo contra los clamores de la naturaleza vender a los hombres, quedan abolidas las leyes de ta esclavitud.” 4.

4. Miguel Hidalgo places liberated colonial power important facts year MexicoSpain - "Father of the Country“ - began the fight for independence but was executed - other revolutionary leaders finished the war 1821

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