Comments on „disciplines and interactive agenda-setting“ Dietmar Braun IEPI, Université de Lausanne

Two paradigms Scientific enterprise as a functionally differentiated activity > internal - external perspective Contextual - Constructivist View

What have we learnt until now? Finalisation thesis and others: cognitive opening and closure of disciplines play a role Institutional environment has influence (which must still be better specified) Networks, especially the density of networks with the environment matters Career opportunities may be important entry point for non-academic interests (but we do not know how institutions and careers interact to shape the research agenda)

What have we learnt until now? Disciplines differ in their orientation towards application (example psychology vs. anthropology) Internally, disciplines may be structured into “core” and “peripheries”. The last ones may be suitable contact points for the environment Topics and fields of enquiry seem better connected to the environment than theory and methods Reputation and reward are useful categories but we do not know exactly how it works Audiences seem important (but influence still to be developed)

What do we not know yet? When which variable matters and to what degree Are there hierarchies in importance between factors? Lack of general theory binding the different elements Lack of a clear systematic ordering of factors

My intention Bring some order into the „narrative“ by using a “utilitarian” framework, which means actually re- interpreting the findings Three questions: When do new topics appear on the disciplinary agenda? When are non-academic priorities integrated in the disciplinary research agenda? How to establish interactive agenda-setting and make it work?

When do new topics appear on the disciplinary agenda? Rephrasing it: When are scientists attracted to new topics/ theories/ methods? Function of rational decisions of individual scientists structured by the academic field („champs“ : Bourdieu) and the availability of resources Innovation is rewarded by constrained by: Utility in terms of pay-offs for position, career Transaction costs Reputation mechanisms of discipline

The disciplinary “champ” Capital High Capital Low Theoretically promising Promising for application

Distribution of capital Capital High Capital Low Theoretically promising Promising for application

…and when do they disappear? Fashion and trends in the setting-up of the research agenda Diffusion theory is helpful New topics depend on: Marginal utility of investments in existing research field Degree of competition in existing area Degree of “deprivation” of scientist Transaction costs Probability of recognition by discipline

Attention-curve for new disciplinary topics Number of scientists Time

Putting non-academic priorities on the disciplinary agenda Distance Proximity Theoretically promising Promising for application (1)(2) (3)(4)

….. (1) No problem to integrate topic (as long as mentioned conditions are fulfilled). But be aware: Topic is appropriated by scientists and may not result in problem-solving: Theoretical development first.

… (2) Additional conditions needed: - applicable knowledge is there - Time is available - There is no conflict with the reputation cycle of scientist: e.g. scientists with high level of scientific capital and secure career position. No elimination of reputation cycle: juxtaposition (second “audience”) What about disciplinary differences?

… (3) A topic falling into this field may be interesting for disciplines but the transaction costs are usually too high to invest. It is here that incentives play a role: long-term investments (centre instrument for example). Again, problem- solving may be far away in the future.

… (4) This is the most difficult field. Not attractive in disciplinary terms and high transaction costs. Again, this needs a lot of incentives and even the creation of new career paths (interdisciplinary etc.) to put topic on the scientific agenda. As skills must be developed this may again take some time before problem-solving is at hand.

Boundary objects The most attractive would be “boundary objects” that could be used both ways: to foster theory-building and application Distance Proximity Theoretically promising Promising for application Boundary object Boundary object

How to establish interactive agenda-setting and make it work? Non-academic topics may appear on the disciplinary agenda in four ways: - by academic “screening” - By focusing resources in certain areas - By occasional meetings between users and scientists (“one-shot interaction”) - By common practice