2011-12 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/B Introduction to English Linguistics prof. Hugo Bowles Lesson 13 Lexical semantics 2 Semantic change.

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LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/B Introduction to English Linguistics prof. Hugo Bowles Lesson 13 Lexical semantics 2 Semantic change

2 Esonero 9.12 (AL), 10.12(MZ) – ore nessuna prenotazione - portare libretto Preparazione powerpoints website readings summaries

3 Original languages alcohol Arabic boss Dutch croissant French lilac Persian piano Italian pretzel German robot Czech tycoon Japanese yoghurt Turkish zebra Bantu

4 Semantic borrowing ofiskhobbiboykotRussian rajiokonpyu-takissuJapanese le zappingle midwifele showbizFrench

5 Calques - loan translations from skyscraper to grattaciel from ubermensch to superman from hot dogs to perros calientes from boyfriend to boifurendo

6 Grammaticalisation what’s the rule? SingularPlural ItalianPlural English pizzapizzepizzas hamburgeramburgerhamburgers walkmanwalkman?walkmans? paninopaninipanino(e)s panini(e)s

7 What has happened to the meaning in these cases ? (1) BEFORENOW thingpublic assembly any entity companionsomeone who eats with you any friend broadcastto sow seeds in a field to transmit by media

8 Broadening These words have broadened their meaning. In Olde English the word dogge use to refer to one breed of dog. It now refers to all breeds

9 What has happened to the meaning in these cases ? (2) BEFORENOW meteany kind of food a specific kind of food (meat) wifeany womana married woman

10 Narrowing In these cases the words have narrowed their meaning from a general meaning to a more particular one

11 What has happened to the meaning in these cases ? (3) BEFORENOW villeinservantcriminal notoriousfamousunfavourably well- known vulgarordinarycrude, bad- mannered

12 Deterioriation/Pejoration The word has developed a negative connotation over time

13 What has happened to the meaning in these cases ? (4) BEFORENOW mischievousdisastrousnaughty

14 Amelioration The word has developed a more positive connotation over time

15 Processes of change 1. Broadening - when a word widens its meaning (thing) 2. Narrowing - when a word becomes more specialised (meat) 3. Pejoration - when a word develops a negative connotation (vulgar) 4. Amelioration - when a word loses a negative connotation (mischievous)

16 Why does change happen? Because the relation between form and meaning is arbitrary in language Because words are polysemous (they can have different meanings connected to a central meaning) Because children use words with broader meanings and these sometimes come into the language (broadening)

17 Other types of semantic change Euphemism Politically correct language

18 Euphemism a long illness economical with the truth adult video industrial action cancer liar pornography strike

19 Politically correct language Political correctness (often abbreviated to PC) is a term used to describe language or behaviour that is intended to provide a minimum of offence, particularly to racial, cultural, or other identity groups. A text that conforms to the ideals of political correctness is said to be politically correct.