Chapter 3 Culture © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions, vocalizations) Cognitive Appraisals Physiology Gender and Cultural Differences Video: Culture and Emotion © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Masuda et al., 2005) 1 Low Sadness 5 High Sadness 1 Low Happiness 5 High Happiness Central Figure: How Positive? How Negative? © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Masuda et al., 2005) #1 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

#2 (Masuda et al., 2005) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Culture “A group-specific practice that emerged from the interaction between a group and its environment.” Social Constructivist – cultural differences exist! Basic Emotions – no cultural differences! Snow Monkey (Japanese Macaque) (Schirmer, 2015, p.357) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

3 Ways to Measure Culture Individualism/Collectivism ( Markus & Kitayama, 1991) Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996) Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

I often do "my own thing" The well-being of my coworkers is important to me. One should live one's life independently of others. If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud. I like my privacy. If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within my means. I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood I often do "my own thing" The well-being of my coworkers is important to me. One should live one's life independently of others. If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud. I like my privacy. If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within my means. I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) CollectivismIndividualism “Individual Uniqueness” Equality “Interdependence” Hierarchy; Status © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) CollectivismIndividualism “Individual Uniqueness” “Interdependence” China, Japan America, Western Europe Japanese American, Chinese American © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

SELF MOTHER FATHER BROTHER FRIEND SISTER ROMANTIC PARTNER © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

SELF MOTHER FATHER BROTHER FRIEND SISTER ROMANTIC PARTNER © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996) Vertical Society Horizontal Society High social hierarchy Low social hierarchy © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996) Vertical Society Horizontal Society High social hierarchy Low social hierarchy AmericaJapan Philippines Guatemala Malaysia Austria Israel Denmark © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood United Kingdom High PD Low PD

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology Linear Epistemology: Aristotle Goal = Happiness; optimize positive feelings Dialectical Epistemology: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism Goal = Moderation; balance b/w positive and negative feelings © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences in Emotion Components © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences in Emotion Components Subjective Feelings Behavior – Facial Expressions, Vocalizations Cognitive Appraisals Note: Review Scherer (1997) study on universal cognitive appraisals Physiological Responses © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Subjective Feelings Socially Disengaged Emotions: Ego-Focused Emotions Anger, Pride Socially Engaged Emotions: Other-Focused Emotions Guilt, Friendliness, Shame Diary Study: Japanese vs. American university students Engaging = Guilt, Friendliness; Disengaging = Anger, Pride (Kitayama et al., 2004) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Kitayama et al., 2004) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Kitayama et al., 2004) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Kitayama et al., 2004) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Kitayama et al., 2004) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Subjective Feelings Dialectical cultures more likely to experience mixed emotions Evidence: East Asia > Asian-Americans > Americans (Scollon et al., 2004; Perunovic et al., 2007; Shiota et al., 2010) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Facial Expressions IV = Japanese vs. American Participants IV = 1) Central figure expression matches crowd or 2) Central figure expression does not match crowd DV = Participants perceived intensity of emotion felt by central figure (Masuda et al., 2005) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions (Masuda et al., 2005) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions (Masuda et al., 2005) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

(Masuda et al., 2005) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions Eye Gaze Patterns: Caucasian vs. Asians Surprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger Face Areas: Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth (Jack et al., 2009) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(SR = Same Race; OR = Other Race; Jack et al., 2009) WC = Western Cultures EA = East Asian Cultures © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth

(Jack et al., 2009) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood Greatest Focus, Smallest Focus

Cultural Differences in Display Rules (expressions) Japanese (vs. Americans) More likely to mask negative feelings in front of other people. More appropriate to express anger to out-groups Americans (vs. Japanese): More appropriate to express disgust and sadness to in- group and happiness to public : (Ekman, 1972; Friesen, 1972; Matsumoto, 1990) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Vocalizations European English and Himba tribe in Namibia Listened to emotional story, then selected 1 of 2 vocalizations that matched the emotion in story Basic Emotions: English and Himba selected correct vocalizations Did not vary with voice – whether English or Himba More difficulty with positive emotions © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood [Sauter, D.A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S.K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 107, doi: /pnas ].

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cognitive Appraisals Review Scherer (1997) Study Joy most universal emotion Shame and guilt similar appraisals Cultural differences for African and Latin American participants Cultural differences in morality, external causation, coping © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Do cultural differences exist in the way appraisals → specific emotions? Pleasantness, novelty (expectedness), goal conduciveness/obstruction No Cultural Differences Control of event, responsibility, anticipated effort, morality Cultural Differences © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Physiological Responses Applied Facial Feedback Hypothesis Ps’ instructed to make facial expressions associated with a distinct emotion Universality? Cross-Cultural Differences? © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Indonesia US © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Gender and Emotions Women = more sadness, fear, shame, guilt, positive emotions Men = more anger Biological/universal or gender roles/culture? © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Gender and Emotions Men and women in 37 countries Predictor: Gender Empowerment Measure Outcome: Intensity, expression Powerful emotions: anger, disgust Powerless emotions: fear, sadness, shame, guilt © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Gender and Emotion Intensity Powerful emotions: no gender differences Powerless emotions Women rated as more intense than men Women’s ratings did not depend on GEM Men’s ratings varied with GEM – more intense for Low GEM countries © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Gender and Behavior Changes Antagonism Men reported more antagonism than women Women’s antagonism varied with GEM Low GEM: women reported less antagonism High GEM= no gender differences Crying Women reported more crying than men © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Eliciting Events of Anger Target of Romantic Partners – High-GEM women Reasons for Anger Problems/conflicts in RR – High GEM women Attack on status – High GEM men and women © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Gender Differences: Cultural or Universal? Universal for intensity of powerful emotions and crying Both! Greater gender inequality For men, leads to more restrictive emotionality (less intense powerless emotions) But, does not lead men to adopt the female role (more intense powerless emotions) For women, leads to more expressions of antagonism (more powerful emotions) and adoption of male role © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Summary Cultural Differences exist in the 4 Components of Emotions Self-reported experience (emotions felt, emotional intensity, mixed emotions) Appraisals (morality, causality, coping) Behavior (expressions, vocalizations) Physiology Evolution and Social Constructivist may both be right Automatic vs. Controlled Appraisals © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood