Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill PowerPoint to accompany Essentials of Medical Language, 2e Allan, Lockyer Chapter 2: The Body as a Whole The Essentials of the Language of Anatomy

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-2 The Body as a Whole Lesson 2.1: Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Directions

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-3 Fundamental Anatomical Position The body is standing erect with feet flat on the floor, face and eyes facing forward, and arms at the sides with the palms facing forward.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-4 Anatomical Directional Terms Anatomical position and directional terms © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-5 Anatomical Directional Terms Define the following directional terms: –superior –inferior –proximal –distal –anterior –posterior

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-6 Anatomical Planes Anatomical planes © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-7 Word Analysis and Definition Describe the differences between the two listed terms: – caudal vs. cephalic near to the tail vs. near to the head – supine vs. prone lying on back vs. lying on stomach – proximal vs. distal near to center of body vs. farther from center of body

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-8 Word Analysis and Definition Identify the roots of the following words and their meanings: – coronal – ventral – dorsal

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-9 Body Cavities There are five major body cavities

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-10 Abdominal Quadrants and Regions © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-11 Word Analysis and Definition Describe the difference between the following two terms whose root means stomach: – epigastric – hypogastric

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-12 The Body as a Whole Lesson 2.2: Organization of the Body

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-13 Composition of the Body The body is composed of: ─ organ systems – organs – tissues – cells – organelles

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-14 Composition of the Body Zygote © Francis Leroy, BIOCOSMOS/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-15 Composition of the Body Cytology – definition – importance Cytologist

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-16 Word Analysis and Definition Pronounce the following words: cytology = SIGH-tol-oh-jee fertilization = FER-til-eye-ZAY-shun tissue = TISH-you zygote = ZYE-goat

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-17 Word Analysis and Definition Identify the root in the following words: – cytologist cyt/o- – organelle organ- – molecular molecul-

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-18 Structure and Function of Cells Every cell carries out these basic functions of life: –Manufactures proteins and lipids. –Produces and uses energy. –Communicates with other cells. –Replicates deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). –Reproduces itself.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-19 Structure and Function of Cells Nucleus

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-20 Word Analysis and Definition Practice pronouncing the following words: – cytoplasm sigh-toe-plazm – deoxyribonucleic acid dee-ock-see-rye-boh-noo-klee-ik as-id – mitochondria my-toe-kon-dree-ah

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-21 Word Analysis and Definition Identify the roots of the following terms: – catabolism – chromosome – nucleus

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-22 The Body as a Whole Lesson 2.3: Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-23 Tissues Primary tissue groups – connective – epithelial – muscle – nervous

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Connective Tissue in the Knee Joint 2-24

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-25 Word Analysis and Definition Pronounce the following words: capsular = KAP-syu-lar collagen = KOLL-ah-jen periosteum = PER-ee-OSS-tee-um

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-26 Organs and Organ Systems The body is made up of 11 organ systems.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-27 Organs and Organ Systems Muscular and skeletal systems are often considered one organ system, the musculoskeletal system. The muscular system contains the muscles. This system can cause movements, maintain posture, and produce body heat.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-28 Organs and Organ Systems The skeletal system contains the bones, joints, ligaments, and cartilages. This system provides a framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-29 Organs and Organ Systems The cardiovascular system contains the heart and blood vessels. This system moves blood and transports substances throughout the body.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill 2-30 Organs and Organ Systems The digestive system contains the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines. This system receives, breaks down, and absorbs food. It also eliminates unabsorbed material.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Keynote Homeostasis is the coordinated response of all the organs to maintain the internal physiologic stability of an organism. 2-31