1. THE NATURE OF MONOPOLY Learning Objectives 1.Define monopoly and the relationship between price setting and monopoly power. 2.List and explain the sources of monopoly power and how they can change over time. 3.Define what is meant by a natural monopoly. Monopoly refers a firm that is the only producer of a good or service for which there are no close substitutes and for which entry by potential rivals is prohibitively difficult. A price setter is a firm that sets or picks price based on its output decision. Monopoly power is the ability to act as a price setter.

1.1 Sources of Monopoly Power Barriers to entry are a characteristic of a particular market that block the entry of new firms in a monopoly market. Economies of scale lead to natural monopoly which is a firm that confronts economies of scale over the entire range of outputs demanded in its industry. Location Sunk costs are expenditures that have already been made and that cannot be recovered. Restricted ownership of raw materials and inputs Government restrictions Network effects involve situations where products become more useful the larger the number of users of the product.

1.1 Sources of Monopoly Power ATC 1 ATC 2 LRAC D One firm producing 240 units can do so at lower cost than twelve firms producing 20 units each. Twelve firms each produces 20 units.

2. THE MONOPOLY MODEL Learning Objectives 1.Explain the relationship between price and marginal revenue when a firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve. 2.Explain the relationship between marginal revenue and elasticity along a linear demand curve. 3.Apply the marginal decision rule to explain how a monopoly maximizes profit.

2.1 Monopoly and Market Demand P3P3 P2P2 Q1Q1 P1P1 P Q q D d S MC Q2Q2 Q3Q3 Demand Additional units sold only by lowering price Price taker

2.2 Total Revenue and Price Elasticity EQUATION 2.1 –The following demand schedule is based on the above equation. –Total revenue is calculated as TR = P*Q Price$ Quantity Total revenue$

2.2 Total Revenue and Price Elasticity Demand Inelastic range Elastic range Price$ Quantity Total revenue$ Unit elastic Total revenue Inelastic range

2.3 Demand and Marginal Revenue When marginal revenue is…then demand is… positiveprice elastic negativeprice inelastic zerounit price elastic

2.3 Demand and Marginal Revenue Price$ Quantity Total revenue$ Marginal revenue$ Marginal revenue Demand

2.4 Monopoly Equilibrium: Applying the Marginal Decision Rule MC QmQm PmPm PmPm QmQm G Demand MR E Demand Marginal cost G E MR ATC Monopoly profit F ATC m

3. ASSESSING MONOPOLY Learning Objectives 1.Explain and illustrate that a monopoly firm produces an output that is less than the efficient level and why this results in a deadweight loss to society. 2.Explain and illustrate how the higher price that a monopoly charges, compared to an otherwise identical perfectly competitive firm, transfers part of consumer surplus to the monopolist and raises questions of equity. 3.Considering both advantages and disadvantages, discuss the potential effects that a monopoly may have on consumer choices, price, quality of products, and technological innovations. 4.Discuss the public policy responses to monopoly.

3.1 Efficiency, Equity, and concentration of Power PmPm QmQm G Demand MR R MC C PCPC Consumer surplus transferred to the monopoly firm Deadweight loss of reducing output from the competitive to the monopoly level QCQC

3.1 Efficiency, Equity, and concentration of Power

3.2 The Fragility of Monopoly Power Monopoly power can be a fleeting thing. Potential for profit invites competition. Technological change and the pursuit of profits create challengers for the monopolist. Competitors seek to make the monopolists market contestable.